Abstract
AimTo assess the potential relationship between intelligence structure abnormalities and whole-brain functional connectivity in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to provide insights into the association between these two seemingly unrelated conditions.MethodsIntelligence testing and fMRI data were obtained from 133 right-handed children, including 67 PNE children (M/F, 39∶28; age, 10.5±1.2 y) and 66 age-matched healthy controls (M/F, 37∶29; age, 10.1±1.1 y). All intelligence tests were performed using the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC). Each subject’s full intelligence quotient (FIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and memory/caution (M/C) factor was measured and recorded. Resting state fMRI scans were performed on a 3.0-T MR scanner and post-processed using REST software. Comparisons of z-score correlation coefficients between distinct cerebral regions were used to identify altered functional connectivity in PNE children.ResultsThe PNE group had normal FIQ, VIQ, and PIQ values, indicating no significant variation from the control group. However, the M/C factor was significantly lower in the PNE group. Compared to the control group, PNE children exhibited overall lower levels of functional connectivity that were most apparent in the cerebello-thalamo-frontal pathway. The M/C factor significantly correlated with z-scores representing connectivity between Cerebellum_Crus1_L and Frontal_Mid_R.ConclusionPNE children exhibit intelligence structure imbalance and attention deficits. Our findings suggest that cerebello-thalamo-frontal circuit abnormalities are likely to be involved in the onset and progression of attention impairment in PNE children.
Highlights
Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) affects up to 20% of young children (,5 years old) and nearly 2% of all young adults
Our findings suggest that cerebello-thalamo-frontal circuit abnormalities are likely to be involved in the onset and progression of attention impairment in PNE children
PNE is characterized by involuntary voiding of the bladder during sleep beyond age five, which is the generally accepted age required for complete bladder control development and normal voiding habits during waking hours
Summary
Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) affects up to 20% of young children (,5 years old) and nearly 2% of all young adults. PNE is characterized by involuntary voiding of the bladder during sleep beyond age five, which is the generally accepted age required for complete bladder control development and normal voiding habits during waking hours. PNE can cause significant psychosocial stress, potentially leading to more serious complications later in life. PNE has been correlated with numerous genetic factors, including deficient arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, sleep awareness disorder, and bladder dysfunction. Current research suggests that behavioral conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), increase the risk for persistent. PNE in children [1]. Antidiuretic treatments have been shown to enhance short-term memory; Muller et al
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