Abstract
Most patients with urinary stones have microscopic haematuria detected by routine urine analysis. An absence of red cells in the urine suggests an alternative diagnosis. #### Presenting features of urinary stone disease An x ray film of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder shows the position and size of the kidneys as well as the presence of any calculi, which usually obstruct at the pelviureteric junction, the point where the ureter crosses the iliac arteries at the pelvic brim, or the vesicoureteric junction. All patients suspected of having a urinary stone should then have intravenous urography, although renal ultrasonography is acceptable in patients who are either allergic to contrast medium or pregnant. Obstruction may be detected by the delayed appearance or persistence of the nephrogram phase on the intravenous urogram or by the finding of caliceal dilatation in an ultrasound scan. #### Differential diagnosis of renal colic Renography after injection of technetium-99m mercapto acetyltriglycine is not routinely used and …
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