Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to research the effects of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) in rat Müller cells and the effects of an adenosine A2AR antagonist (SCH 442416) on GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro. Methods This study used RT-PCR and Western blotting to quantify the expressions of GS and GLAST under different hypoxic conditions as well as the expressions of GS and GLAST at different drug concentrations. A cell viability assay was used to assess drug toxicity. Results mRNA and protein expression of GS and GLAST in hypoxia Group 24 h was significantly increased. mRNA and protein expressions of GS and GLAST both increased in Group 1 μM SCH 442416 compared with other groups. One micromolar SCH 442416 could upregulate GS and GLAST's activity in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Hypoxia activates GS and GLAST in rat retinal Müller cells in a short time in vitro. (2) A2AR antagonists upregulate the activity of GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro.
Highlights
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered waste clearance system in the brain that has been described as unique system of perivascular channels that are formed by astroglial cells
From Western blotting analysis, we found that (1) protein expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) increased in hypoxia groups compared with the control group, especially in the Group 24 h, and (2) the protein expression of glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) was weak, we found that expression in Group 24 h was more obvious compared with that of other groups (Figure 3(a))
The data were not significant, we found a trend indicating that hypoxia induced an increase in mRNA expression of GLAST in Group 24 h
Summary
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered waste clearance system in the brain that has been described as unique system of perivascular channels that are formed by astroglial cells. Müller cells are the predominant neuron-supporting glial cells in the retina; they span the entire retina and play an important role in the homeostasis of the retina by regulating the volume of the extracellular space, ion, water, and neurotransmitters, such as glutamate [2,3,4]. The aim of this study was to research the effects of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) in rat Müller cells and the effects of an adenosine A2AR antagonist (SCH 442416) on GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro. Hypoxia activates GS and GLAST in rat retinal Müller cells in a short time in vitro. (2) A2AR antagonists upregulate the activity of GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro Hypoxia activates GS and GLAST in rat retinal Müller cells in a short time in vitro. (2) A2AR antagonists upregulate the activity of GS and GLAST in hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro
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