Abstract
When generalizing a group of objects, displacement is an essential operation to resolve the conflicts arising between them due to enlargement of their symbol sizes and reduction of available map space. Although there are many displacement methods, most of them are rather complicated. Therefore, more practical methods are still needed. In this article, a new building displacement approach is proposed. For this purpose, buildings are grouped and zones are created for them in the blocks via Voronoi tessellation and buffering. Linear patterns are then detected through buffer analyses and the respective zones are narrowed to be able to preserve these patterns. After all the buildings are displaced inside their zones, grid points are generated and then weighted through kernel density estimation and buffer analyses to find suitable locations. Accordingly, the buildings are displaced toward the computed locations iteratively. The proposed approach directly enforces minimum distance and positional accuracy constraints while several indirect mechanisms are used for preserving spatial patterns and relationships. For the quality evaluation of the displacement, the angle, length and shape comparison measures are introduced, computed based on the (Delaunay) triangles or the azimuth comparison measure of the connection lines, generated for the buildings. The quality evaluation criteria are yielded according to the visual assessment of the displacement quality and the quantitative analysis of the measures. The findings demonstrate that the proposed approach is quite effective and practical for zonal building displacement.
Highlights
When producing maps on a smaller scale and/or a different theme, cartographic generalization is involved to obtain accurate and legible representation of geographic information
Minimum distance, positional accuracy, and spatial patterns and relationships were taken into account to derive a sufficiently accurate and legible representation at a target scale
The individually generalized buildings and surrounding roads were used as inputs and the spatial conflicts occurring between those objects guided the displacement approach
Summary
When producing maps on a smaller scale and/or a different theme, cartographic generalization is involved to obtain accurate and legible representation of geographic information. In order to resolve the graphic conflicts, displacement operation is applied among others. The displacement has to ensure minimum acceptable distance among objects and preserve spatial characteristics and relationships as far as possible. It is one of the most complicated operations of contextual cartographic generalization [1,2,3] and is usually needed in the last stage of the generalization. Previous generalization operations may contribute to the conflict occurrence. In this case, building displacement is applied for the conflict resolution
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