A Z3 generalization of Pauli's principle, quark algebra and the Lorentz invariance

Abstract

The fundamental difference between bosons and fermions is that they obey two alternative representations of the Z2 group, resulting in symmetric or anti-symmetric binary commutation relations. Our aim is to explore possibilities offered by ternary Z3 generalization commutation relations. This leads to cubic and ternary algebras which are a direct generalization of usual commutation relations, with Z3-grading replacing the usual Z2-grading. Properties and structure of such algebras are discussed, with special interest in a low-dimensional one, with two generators. Invariant cubic forms on such algebras are introduced, and it is shown how the SL(2,C) group arises naturally as the symmetry group preserving these forms. In the case of lowest dimension, with only two generators, it is shown how the cubic combinations of elements of the same Z3 grade behave like Lorentz spinors, while binary products of elements of this algebra with an element of the conjugate algebra behave like Lorentz vectors. The wave equation generalizing the Dirac operator to the Z3-graded case is introduced, whose diagonalization leads to a third-order equation. The solutions of this equation cannot propagate because their exponents always contain non-oscillating real damping factor. We show how certain cubic products can propagate nevertheless. The model suggests the origin of the color SU(3) symmetry obeyed by quark states.