Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is the biggest threat to our society. The rapid discovery of drug resistant bacteria is very urgently needed to guide antibiotic treatment development. The current manuscript reports the design of a 2D–0D heterostructure-based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform, which has the capability for the rapid identification of the multidrug resistant strain of Salmonella DT104. Details of the synthesis and characterization of the heterostructure SERS platform using a two dimensional (2D) WS2 transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) and zero dimensional (0D) plasmonic gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been reported. The current manuscript reveals that the 2D–0D heterostructure-based SERS platform exhibits extremely high Raman enhancement capabilities. Using Rh-6G and 4-ATP probe molecules, we determined that the SERS sensitivity is in the range of ∼10−10 to 10−11 M, several orders of magnitude higher than 2D-TMD on its own (10−3 M) or 0D-GNPs on their own (∼10−6 to 10−7 M). Experimental and theoretical finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation data indicate that the synergistic effect of an electromagnetic mechanism (EM) and a chemical mechanism (CM) on the heterostructure is responsible for the excellent SERS enhancement observed. Notably, the experimental data reported here show that the heterostructure-based SERS has the ability to separate a multidrug resistance strain from a normal strain of Salmonella by monitoring the antibiotic–pathogen interaction within 90 minutes, even at a concentration of 100 CFU mL−1.
Highlights
We reported the design of a novel heterostructure material using 24] Zero dimensional plasmonic (2D)-WS2 and 0D-gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which can be used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
Experimental data demonstrate that 0D-2D heterostructure based SERS has the capability for the rapid determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug resistant Salmonella DT104 and the normal strain Salmonella Typhi
Reported data show that since cell wall and membrane damage during antibiotic treatment is high for Salmonella Typhi, Raman bands from Salmonella Typhi bacteria decreased signi cantly during antibacterial treatment
Summary
A er the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have drawn signi cant attention in the scienti c community due to their excellent structural, physical, optical and electronic properties.[1,2,3,4,5] In recent years, heterostructural building blocks using 2D, one dimensional (1D) and zero dimensional (0D) materials have opened up unique opportunities for fundamental scienti c studies due to the combined advantages of the individual materials.[6,7,8,9,10,11,12] Recent reports demonstrated that heterostructures exhibit exceptional optical and electronic properties that are not available in the individual material.[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. For the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility, Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella DT104 bacteria were incubated with the Augmentin antibiotic for 2 hours During this process, we measured time dependent SERS spectra of the bacteria on the heterostructure surface for two hours of incubation. This ATP determination kit is based on the luminescence results from the re y luciferase enzyme
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