Abstract
Electric air-conditioning systems driven by electricity from a wind turbine can be defined as wind electric and cooling systems according to the definition of solar-activated air-conditioners. They can potentially contribute to reduce primary energy demand and CO2 emission in the civil sector. In this paper, mini wind turbines are considered coupled with a ground source heat pump in order to serve an office building for air-conditioning and supply the electricity surplus for the pure electric load of the user. Different plant configurations are considered. First of all, assessments with two kinds of wind turbines (5–5.5 kW), vertical and horizontal axis, are performed, also considering the coupling with one and two identical wind generators. Secondly, to better use on-site electricity, a parametric study is proposed taking into account different battery storage system sizes (3.2–9.6 kWh). Finally, the plant is simulated in two locations: Naples and Cagliari. Simulation results demonstrate that the source availability mainly affects the system performance. In Cagliari, the primary energy reduction per kWh of final energy demand (for pure electric load, space heating, and cooling) is equal to 1.24, 54.8% more than in Naples. In addition, the storage system limits the interaction with the power grid, lowering the exported electricity from about 50% to about 27% for Naples and from 63% to 50% for Cagliari. The fraction of the load met by renewable energy accounts for up to 25% for Naples and 48% for Cagliari.
Highlights
One of the main targets of the European Union is the reduction of fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions related to electricity, space heating, cooling, and domestic hot water loads in the civil sector [1,2,3]
Environmental, and exergo-economic analysis was proposed by Stanek et al [11] to evaluate the contribution due to PV (3.5 kW) or wind turbine (WT) (3 kW) systems providing electricity to drive an electric heat pumps (EHP) that satsfies the space heating demand of a residential building located in Katowice (Poland)
This paper reports the analysis of a ground source heat pumps (GSHP)–WT-based system evaluating the impact on the electric grid, in terms of on-site used electricity, due to the introduction of electric energy storage
Summary
One of the main targets of the European Union is the reduction of fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions related to electricity, space heating, cooling, and domestic hot water loads in the civil sector [1,2,3]. Environmental, and exergo-economic analysis was proposed by Stanek et al [11] to evaluate the contribution due to PV (3.5 kW) or WT (3 kW) systems providing electricity to drive an EHP that satsfies the space heating demand of a residential building located in Katowice (Poland). 3.13% of the total electric energy consumption was supplied by the WT; he concluded that this renewable-based system could be economically preferable to conventional greenhouse heating applications if it was installed in a region with good wind resources This result could be extended to residential buildings. The assessment was performed for one year, considering the energy, environmental, and economic aspects of a renewable activated system, consisting of one or two WTs driving a GSHP to meet the electric, space heating, and cooling loads of an office building located in two Italian cities. A novel performance index is introduced to compare absolute primary energy savings due to the proposed system with respect to the conventional system and final energy demand (no HVAC electricity, space heating, and cooling) of the end-user
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