Abstract
Lithium represents the main drug for the treatment of Bipolar Disorder (BD) as it acts as a mood stabilizer. However, because of its narrow therapeutic window, psychiatric patients are obliged to frequent tests in hospital to control their lithium blood concentration during therapy. In this paper, we fabricate for the first time a complete non-invasive system for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of lithium in sweat in people suffering from BD. The wearable electrochemical sensing platform includes a paper fluidics and a stable Reference Electrode (RE). Lithium detection is based on the use of a potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) with a nanostructured solid contact in order to increase the potential stability of the sensor. A chemical chlorination combined with the use of a PVC membrane doped with an Ionic Liquid (IL) is used to minimize possible potential drifts of the RE. The Nernstian response (56.8±3.9 mV /decade) of the system in the range of clinical interest is then proved in aqueous solution and in sweat. The integration of the sensing platform with a paper fluidics transporting fresh sweat sample to the sensing area is also considered. The already tested sweat is collected in a reservoir made of slow adsorbing paper. The complete wearable system is then successfully tested in a simulated setup by using a mannequin. The measured potential is well compared to the predicted ones in the therapeutic window of lithium drug, proving the good sensing capability in artificial sweat.
Highlights
L ITHIUM is the most common drug for mood stabilization in psychiatric disorders [2]
Platinum was preferred to other materials as it was previously demonstrated to have the highest stability for application in ion sensing [27]
In this work we propose and fabricate for the first time a complete flexible electrochemical sensing platform that enables the non-invasive optimization of lithium dose in people suffering from psychiatric disorders
Summary
L ITHIUM is the most common drug for mood stabilization in psychiatric disorders [2]. We propose a novel non-invasive method for the decentralized Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of lithium levels in sweat. For this purpose, Manuscript received January 1, 9999; accepted January 1, 9999. The use of a wearable sensing system for the decentralized and non-invasive optimization of lithium levels in sweat is proposed for the first time. The measured lithium levels could be sent remotely to the doctor’s device in order to monitor and adjust the drug dose without the need of blood tests With this system patients suffering from BP, whose life is already significantly affected by this serious disease, would not need anymore frequent check-ups in hospital. The analytical capability of the device is confirmed by the similarity between the measured and predicted potential values in the therapeutic range of the drug
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