Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time a wearable biochemical sensor for monitoring alcohol consumption through the detection and quantification of a metabolite of ethanol, ethyl glucuronide (EtG). We designed and fabricated two co-planar sensors with gold and zinc oxide as sensing electrodes. We also designed a LED based reporting for the presence of EtG in the human sweat samples. The sensor functions on affinity based immunoassay principles whereby monoclonal antibodies for EtG were immobilized on the electrodes using thiol based chemistry. Detection of EtG from human sweat was achieved through chemiresistive sensing mechanism. In this method, an AC voltage was applied across the two coplanar electrodes and the impedance across the sensor electrodes was measured and calibrated for physiologically relevant doses of EtG in human sweat. EtG detection over a dose concentration of 0.001–100 μg/L was demonstrated on both glass and polyimide substrates. Detection sensitivity was lower at 1 μg/L with gold electrodes as compared to ZnO, which had detection sensitivity of 0.001 μg/L. Based on the detection range the wearable sensor has the ability to detect alcohol consumption of up to 11 standard drinks in the US over a period of 4 to 9 hours.
Highlights
We demonstrate for the first time a wearable biochemical sensor for monitoring alcohol consumption through the detection and quantification of a metabolite of ethanol, ethyl glucuronide (EtG)
We have demonstrated performance capabilities of an Au electrode based EtG sensors and a Zinc oxide (ZnO) electrode based EtG sensors as a single-use and a continuous-use monitoring devices
Au electrode based EtG sensors with a capability to detect in concentration range of 1–10000 μg/L and up to ~9 hours are better suited for monitoring devices towards limiting alcohol consumption i.e. identifying relapse to heavy drinking
Summary
10 kΩ and 3.6 kΩ for Au electrodes on glass and polyimide substrates respectively and 28 kΩ and 4.7 kΩ for ZnO electrodes on glass and polyimide substrates respectively. The drop in nominal impedance is characteristic and in good correlation with the dielectric nature of glass and polyimide substrates Both Au and ZnO electrodes demonstrate a stable and consistent impedance trends with assay functionalization indicating a robust binding of EtG antibody to the sensing surfaces on both rigid glass and flexible polyimide substrates. ZnO electrode sensors demonstrated detection of EtG with signal above the noise in the range of 0.001–100 μg/L on both substrates. Linear regression analysis was performed on the measured impedance with dose response impedance and a R2 of 0.97 was observed for the Au and ZnO sensors This demonstrated the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor towards detection of EtG.
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