Abstract
Abstract The literature addressing the potential for nature and natural environments to reduce stress and improve health outcomes has a relative paucity of work regarding interactions with animals, particularly those that are not domestic pets. The present observational study sought to understand whether a brief encounter with non‐domestic animals might reduce stress and improve well‐being of participants, and whether participants' nature relatedness, and their appraisals of the interaction might influence these changes. Participants (N = 86, mean age = 20.8 years, 81.8% women) took part in a brief wildlife encounter at a UK safari park, walking for approximately 11 min around an enclosure with free‐roaming lemurs. Heart rate, cortisol and measures of mood were taken before and after the encounter to understand whether this activity could reduce biological levels of stress and improve psychological well‐being. There was no decrease in participants’ heart rate after their encounter but there was a statistically significant decrease in salivary cortisol. Measures of mood significantly improved immediately after the encounter. Reductions in cortisol were associated with dimensions of an individual's nature relatedness, as well as aspects of the animal encounter (number of lemurs and lemur proximity). The findings contribute to parallel literature on nature–health relationships, with the addition of factors seemingly driving the interaction (individuals' nature relatedness, and the number and proximity of the animals) providing important contributory information. The present study provides new information on how encounters with nature, particularly those involving animals, may be beneficial for health and well‐being. Critically, this study was carried out in a setting where potential impact of visitors on animals is negligible, thereby demonstrating the potential for creating environments where both human and animal well‐being are maximised. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Highlights
Research into the health benefits of spending time in natural environments and interacting with nature has grown substantially in the last few decades
To address the lack of research on human animal interactions in a non-structured and non-therapeutic setting, this study evaluates whether humans derive physiological and psychological well-being benefit from non-companion animal interaction
We extend this existing literature to account for conceptualisations of biophilia through the nature relatedness measure, where we see greater levels of both ‘perspective’ and ‘experience’ being associated with greater decreases in cortisol, and greater levels of ‘self’ being inversely associated with cortisol change
Summary
Research into the health benefits of spending time in natural environments and interacting with nature has grown substantially in the last few decades. The mechanisms by which nature is said to confer benefit hinge on two principal theories: stress reduction theory (Ulrich, 1983) and attention restoration theory (Kaplan, 1995). This is proposed to work by either providing cognitive space through ‘soft fascination’, allowing a quietening of the mind; or by reducing feelings of stress. Research to date has focused on how proximity of green and blue spaces to living or working environments provides psychological and physiological benefits. While the existing literature on engagement with nature does support its ability to improve human health and well-being, there are still substantial discrepancies between studies
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