Abstract
This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.
Highlights
The importance of oceans and water resources to human life is unquestionable
Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (GMPR)) is able to outperform efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR) in terms of delivery ratio at high node densities (>200) due to its ability to apply its void avoidance scheme with existing holes, in spite of nodes mobility
It can be seen from the figure that VA-GMPR improves the packet delivery ratio by an average of 24% compared to EMGGR
Summary
The importance of oceans and water resources to human life is unquestionable. the oceans cover greater than 70% of the earth’s surface, and over half. A node may find itself unable to forward data packets based on a greedy approach, because none of its neighbors is closer to the destination than itself This phenomenon is referred to as the void or hole problem. These protocols are facing challenges in underwater environments due to the node mobility and the lack of localization facilities based on Global Positioning Systems (GPS), as in terrestrial sensor networks, because GPS radio waves with 1.5 GHz band cannot propagate in water. This work proposes a geographic routing scheme for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR) protocol.
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