Abstract
Abstract Planning partakes of the personal inward views of those who plan. Each planner -must develop his own view, which he should not be required to make explicit as a condition of public employment. Valid planning emphasizes variety and differentiation over specialization and standardization. Integrative coherence and renewal, though the aims of planning, are gifts that cannot be forced. The Philosopher King and the Judæo-Christian Servant are planning images competing for our commitment. The Philosopher King is a vicious model in our time because it discourages creation of responsible publics and is implemented through force and fraud. The Suffering Servant model can never be proved successful, but it is based on love which is the first requirement for benign, differentiated growth.
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