Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common form of traumatic brain injury; however, it is the most difficult to be accurately identified in the early stage because it lacks more reliable biomarkers and detection methods. This study proposes a highly efficient system to detect a molecular biomarker for the early diagnosis of mTBI. The system was prepared by a lower cytotoxic peptide-modified fluorescent nanoprobe based on carbon polymer dots (pep-CPDs) with outstanding imaging capabilities. In vitro and in vivo tests were explored to the efficiency of pep-CPDs, inferring the good performances of cellular fluorescence imaging and in vivo imaging of mice. Moreover, an application of the versatile pep-CPDs on detecting the mTBI biomarker S100-β detection in a novel improved weight-drop mTBI mouse model and human blood samples has been successfully established. Overall, all these results indicate that the pep-CPD system is sensitive, rapid, non-toxic, and reliable for mTBI diagnosis compared with traditional detection methods. It shows a great potential in clinical and translational research and practical applications.
Highlights
Mild traumatic brain injury is the most common type of traumatic brain injury
We developed a rapid and sensitive facial one-pot synthesis of peptide-modified fluorescent nanoprobe based on carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) via a hydrothermal system (Scheme 1) for detecting the important Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) biomarker S100 calcium-binding protein-β (S100-β) in in vivo and in vitro imaging
The aminomodified S100-β peptides were conjugated onto the surfaces of CPDs by using the amino-carboxyl reaction, while the peptide-modified CPDs retain higher affinity to the target S100-β (Flierl et al, 2009), which allows a sensor operation at low S100-β concentrations
Summary
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. MTBI is often arduous to be accurately identified in the early stage due to untypical radiographic characteristics and imaging results, mild symptoms, and the lack of more reliable biomarkers and detection methods. Long-term complications often reported by patients with mTBI include increased anxiety, irritability, depression, and emotional lability, which had become an essential but latent clinical problem (Mulder et al, 2006; Jia et al, 2013; Xu et al, 2016). These issues affect the authority and impartiality of judicial expertise as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment. A rapid and accurate method for detecting the significant biomarkers of mTBI is very crucial and indispensable.
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