Abstract
A directional reflectance model is derived that is based upon the same multiple scattering concepts as were employed in a previously published vegetation reflectance model. The scattering phase functions utilize the “model equivalent” Lambertian panel approximation for each scattering species. The model exhibits the property of optical reciprocity and offers consistent procedures for calculating directional reflectance of turbid water bodies of any depth, particulate content, and bottom vegetation cover, as well as the apparent reflectance of an isolated submerged object, such as a Secchi disc. Moist beach sands are considered to be extremely turbid water where air voids are also a scattering species.
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