Abstract
Key TakeawaysThe effectiveness of powdered activated carbon (PAC) at removing cyanotoxins depends on the specific toxin(s), water pH, and PAC source.A study showed that wood–lignite PAC adsorbed more cyanotoxin than bituminous coal–based PAC, and cyanotoxin removal was more effective at a higher pH.In this study, removal costs decreased as toxin concentration increased, and saxitoxin removal was less expensive when it was present with microcystin‐LR.A decision tree that balances treatment costs with toxin removal efficiency was developed to help water utilities.
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