Abstract

Since its discovery about 50 years ago, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has not stopped to surprise us for its level of sophistication and complexity in achieving substrate-specific protein degradation (Vierstra, 2009). At the heart of this system lies the concerted activity of three major classes of enzymes: ubiquitin activators (E1), ubiquitin conjugators (E2), and ubiquitin ligases (or E3). E3s, together with selected E2s, are responsible for promoting the formation of a ubiquitin chain on a specific protein substrate.

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