Abstract
In this paper, a c ´ uk converter balancing method by using a coupled inductor for lithium based batteries is investigated. The proposed circuit is an active balancing circuit that will equalize eight battery cells in a series. In electrical vehicles (EV), a battery management system (BMS) is a vital task to achieve the best performance of the batteries and longer lifetime. The problem of voltage difference in a battery pack is an important issue to be improved. To overcome the voltage differences in battery string, an equalizing method is mandatory. The conventional c ´ uk converter requires 2(n − 1) switches to balance n cells, while the proposed circuit requires only n switches for n cells in series. In addition, the proposed developed topology uses coupled inductors instead of un-coupled inductors, unlike the traditional c ´ uk converter balancing method. Since the c ´ uk balancing transfers the energy among two adjacent cells, it requires a proportionately long equalization time particularly for long string battery packs, but the coupled inductor c ´ uk converter type overcomes this problem. The switches are N-channel metal-oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET) to achieve lower drain-source on-resistance, R D S ( o n ) , and less voltage drop as compared to the P-channels. The switches are triggered by complementary signals. The coupled inductor is made in such a way to hold the same magnetizing inductance. It can be done by using five wires in one hand. The circuit contains five inductors, one magnetic core, with five winding for eight cells, and one capacitor for two cells. Therefore, the overall circuitry and complexity of the circuit are reduced, resulting in a more cost-effective and easy to implement circuit. The system also does not demand complicated control for battery equalizing. The experimental circuit was implemented and simulation results were obtained to confirm the validity of the proposed system.
Highlights
Electric vehicles can attain low contamination and low noise associated with traditional gasoline-powered transportation, the peremptory request for electric vehicles is increasing during the last decades [1]
The switches are N-channel MOSFETs with body diodes and they are triggered by pulse width modulation (PWM), created by a pulse generator with a synchronous pattern
The simulation results of the proposed ćuk converter with coupled inductors are presented
Summary
Electric vehicles can attain low contamination and low noise associated with traditional gasoline-powered transportation, the peremptory request for electric vehicles is increasing during the last decades [1]. The capacity of the battery is reduced due to temperature and passivation and this problem increases with cell aging [9] To improve these imbalances, a BMS is introduced to ensure all cells are fully charged. To solve the problem of energy losses, active equalizing methods are introduced They equalize the battery cells by transporting the energy from higher cells to the lower ones and they are split into many types such as switches capacitor, inductor, and transformer balancing methods. The switched capacitor converter (SCC) balancing method is an active equalizing technique that uses capacitors as an energy storage device for transferring charge between the cells. The inductor balancing technique transfers energy between cells by using inductors and has fast equalization time as compared witch capacitor balancing [11], but a high cost and magnetic losses are its disadvantages. The secondary winding voltages are not equal due to the nonuniform turn ratio of secondary winding leakage inductance, and magnetic losses and high cost are its disadvantages [25,26,27]
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