Abstract
Abstract Some simple solutions (mostly analytic) are presented for the large-scale baroclinic response to thermal forcing on a mid-latitude beta-plane. Surface heat flux is parameterized as (TA–TT)/tau;, with atmospheric temperature TA prescribed as a function of latitude, varying ocean surface temperature TT, and equilibration time τ. For long times (decades) benthic forcing is included, using a similar representation. The model allows horizontal density variations at each level. When there are no meridional boundaries there is only a local response to the forcing. A geostrophic baroclinic zonal flow is driven by the north–south temperature gradient, but it has no associated advection or divergence effects. This picture is greatly changed when east and/or west coasts are added. Kelvin waves pass information rapidly (about 200 km day−1) along coasts, and Rossby waves travel slowly offshore, most effectively from the cut with speed c ≈ 1 km day−1. For spin-up problems (e.g., the response to a change in for...
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