Abstract
Abstract Early in the history of higher homotopy algebra [Stasheff, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 108: 293–312, 1963], it was realized that Massey products are homotopy invariants in a special sense, but it was the work of Tornike Kadeishvili that showed they were but a shadow of an 𝐴∞-structure on the homology of a differential graded algebra. Here we relate his work to that of Victor Gugenheim [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 25: 197–205, 1982] and K. T. (Chester) Chen [Ann. of Math. (2) 97: 217–246, 1973]. This paper is a personal tribute to Tornike and the Georgian school of homotopy theory as well as to Gugenheim and Chen, who unfortunately are not with us to appreciate this convergence.
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