A twin study of longitudinal effects of family psychopathology and stress on pubertal maturation and hormone coupling in adolescents

Abstract

This paper presents results from an intensive long term investigation in three comparable trunk mains and downstream impact of non-invasive, in-service flow conditioning to manage discolouration risk. Findings show that flow conditioning, the careful regular increase in flows to mobilise small amounts of material from cohesive layers formed at the pipe wall, provides immediate risk mitigation and system resilience benefits. Evidence is presented showing longer term risk reduction in the trunk mains and a 25% discolouration risk reduction in the downstream networks. Whilst the flow conditioning produced an acute but short duration controlled mobilisation of material from the trunk main, longer term downstream monitoring showed reduced chronic or background material loading. It is proposed this change is due to altering the material exchange behaviour and volumes bound within cohesive layers that develop on bulk water/infrastructure interfaces. The paper provides evidence that flow conditioning is an efficient strategy to manage discolouration risk and improve consumer water quality throughout water distribution systems.