Abstract

This chapter provides a survey of the political, socio-economicSocio-economic changes of housing estates Helsinki and demographicHelsinki spatial social mixing in post-World War II socio-economic and demographic changes development of the Baltic countriesBaltic countries. It is meant to give readers a general understanding of the setting in which large urban housing estatesHousing estate were built from the 1960s to the 1980s. The chapter begins with an account of the history of the Baltic countriesBaltic countries, including their emergence as independent nations, their incorporation into the USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and their reappearance on the world map in 1991. The second section analyses the modernisation of the Baltic economies, the Soviet strategies for industrialisation and their impact on the housing sector. The Baltic region enjoyed somewhat higher living standards and exhibited greater openness to Western influences than other union republics, which made Estonia , LatviaLatvia and LithuaniaLithuania attractive to economic migrants from other parts of the USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The analysis also shows that the Baltic countriesBaltic countries experienced demographic modernisation earlier than other regions of the USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). A high demand for labour is driven by Soviet strategies for economic developmentEconomic development, and slow population growth in the host countries, particularly in Estonia and LatviaLatvia, contributed to the persistence of high levels of immigration throughout the post-war decades. Due to their large numbers, migrant workers significantly transformed the composition of the urban population in the Baltic countriesBaltic countries. Through a combination of factors, including the housing allocationHousing allocation mechanism, immigrants gained privileged access to new accommodation, and they became over-represented in the housing estatesHousing estate. This development connects the future of the housing estatesHousing estate with the integration of immigrants who settled in the region during the Soviet era.

Highlights

  • This chapter provides a discussion of the political, socio-economic and demographic development of the Baltic countries

  • While there have been several individual studies of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania published since the 1990s (Plakans 1995; Raun 2001; Kiaupa 2002; Mäesalu et al 2004; Bleiere et al 2006), relatively few comparative accounts of the development of the Baltic countries are accessible to an international reader

  • In June 1940, the Soviets took over the Baltic countries, and after installing puppet governments and staging so-called elections, annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to the USSR as union republics

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Summary

Introduction

We provide a discussion of the political, socio-economic and demographic development of the Baltic countries. While there have been several individual studies of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania published since the 1990s (Plakans 1995; Raun 2001; Kiaupa 2002; Mäesalu et al 2004; Bleiere et al 2006), relatively few comparative accounts of the development of the Baltic countries are accessible to an international reader. A survey of the economic history of the Baltic States, compiled by Kahk and Tarvel (1997), and two more recent treatises by Andres Kasekamp (2010) and Andrejs Plakans (2011) were valuable resources used for the chapter. These materials have been complemented by evidence from studies pertaining to the economic history and demography of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

The Long Road to Nation-Statehood, Loss and Restoration of Independence
Socio-Economic Development
Demographic Development, Urbanisation and Ethnic Composition
Findings
Conclusion
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