A tube-like Pd@coordination polymer with enhanced solar light harvesting for boosting photocatalytic H2 production in a wide pH range and seawater.

Abstract

Coordination polymers (CPs) have emerged as promising candidates for photocatalytic H2 production owing to their structural tailorability and functional diversity. However, the development of CPs with high energy transfer efficiency for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 production in a wide pH range still faces many challenges. Here we constructed a novel tube-like Pd(ii) coordination polymer with well-distributed Pd nanoparticles (denoted as Pd/Pd(ii)CPs) based on the coordination assembly of rhodamine 6G and Pd(ii) ions and further photo-reduction under visible light irradiation. Both the Br- ion and double solvent play a key role in forming the hollow superstructures. The resulting tube-like Pd/Pd(ii)CPs exhibit high stability in aqueous solution with the pH range from 3 to 14 due to the high Gibbs free energies of protonation and deprotonation, which provides the feasibility of photocatalytic hydrogen generation in a wide pH range. Electromagnetic field calculations showed that the tube-like Pd/Pd(ii)CPs have a good confinement effect on light. Therefore, the H2 evolution rate could reach 112.3 mmol h-1 g-1 at pH 13 under visible light irradiation, which is far superior to those of reported coordination polymer-based photocatalysts. Moreover, such Pd/Pd(ii)CPs could also reach a H2 production rate of 37.8 mmol h-1 g-1 in seawater under visible light with low optical density (40 mW cm-2) close to morning or cloudy sunlight. The above unique characteristics make the Pd/Pd(ii)CPs possess great potential for practical applications.