Abstract
Porous organic polymers have been received considerable attention due to their heteroatom-containing structures and high surface areas, which can offer high electrochemical performance in energy applications. The majority of reported Tröger’s base-functionalized porous organic polymers have been applied as effective candidates for sensing and gas separation/adsorption, while their use as electrode materials in supercapacitors is rare. Here, a novel covalent microporous organic polymer containing carbazole and Tröger’s base CzT-CMOP has been successfully synthesized through the one-pot polycondensation of 9-(4-aminophenyl)-carbazole-3,6-diamine (Cz-3NH2) with dimethoxymethane. The polycondensation reaction’s regioselectivity was studied using spectroscopic analyses and electronic structure calculations that confirmed the polycondensation occurred through the second and seventh positions of the carbazole unit rather than the fourth and fifth positions confirmed by first-principles calculations. Our CzT-CMOP exhibited high thermal stability of approximately 463.5 °C and a relatively high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 615 m2 g−1 with a nonlocal density functional theory’s pore size and volume of 0.48 cm3 g−1 and 1.66 nm, respectively. In addition, the synthesized CzT-CMOP displayed redox activity due to the existence of a redox-active carbazole in the polymer skeleton. CzT-CMOP revealed high electrochemical performance when used as active-electrode material in a three-electrode supercapacitor with an aqueous electrolyte of 6 M KOH, and it showed specific capacitance of 240 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 with excellent stability after 2000 cycles of 97% capacitance retention. Accordingly, such porous organic polymer appears to have a variety of uses in energy-related applications.
Highlights
Since the industrial revolution, economic and industrial development relied on the tremendous use of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and mineral oil [1,2]
The distinctive vibration bands in the range from 3402 to 3210 cm−1 centered on 1619 cm−1 in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of Cz-3NH2, which attributed to the N–H symmetric stretches and N–H symmetric bend, respectively, were absent, indicating the incorporation of Cz-3NH2 into the carbazole- and Tröger’s base-derived covalent microporous organic polymer
3F.i3g.uSruep5er. c(aap)aNciittorroAgepnplaicdastioornption (●) and desorption (○) isotherm and (b) pore size distribution profiTlehoefhtihgehCsuzTrf-aCcMe aOrePa. and orderly pore size electrodes are the primary prerequisites for outstanding electrode efficiency in an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) based s3u.3p.eSrcuappearcciatopra.cIitnoradAdpitpiloinca, tiitohnas been recently reported that the porous organic polymers received significant interest as electrode materials due to their ability to incorporate
Summary
Economic and industrial development relied on the tremendous use of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and mineral oil [1,2]. SCs are, in general, not more expensive than batteries and have other advantages over batteries such as high volumetric capacitance, long cycle life, good operational safety, low internal resistance, wide working temperature ranges, flexible packaging, and small size, making them the preferred choice in industrial applications [8–11] These features are attributed to the supercapacitor mechanism for energy storage. Novel POPs have been reported, including covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs), conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) [24–36] These unique features of POPs encouraged the use of POPs in several technological applications such as sensing, luminescence, catalysis, gas adsorption, energy storage, water splitting, and semiconducting devices [37–45].
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