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Abstract
A simple lamination process of the top electrode for perovskite solar cells is demonstrated. The laminate electrode consists of a transparent and conductive plastic/metal mesh substrate, coated with an adhesive mixture of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, and sorbitol. The laminate electrode showed a high degree of transparency of 85%. Best cell performance was achieved for laminate electrodes prepared with a sorbitol concentration of ~30 wt% per milliliter PEDOT:PSS dispersion, and using a pre-annealing temperature of 120°C for 10 min before lamination. Thereby, perovskite solar cells with stabilized power conversion efficiencies of (7.6 ± 1.0)% were obtained which corresponds to 80% of the reference devices with reflective opaque gold electrodes.
Highlights
Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting interest in research and industrial laboratories due to their potential as high-performing devices for solar energy conversion.[1,2,3] Similar to organic solar cells (OSCs), the fabrication of PSCs is compatible with low temperatures and high-volume, large-area processing techniques from solution, so they may be developed at low-cost
Several techniques reported for OSCs used thin films of waterbased PEDOT:PSS dispersions that were coated onto the active layer during lamination.[16,17,18]
In preliminary experiments we found for PSCs with a gold electrode and for a storage time of four weeks under inert conditions that Voc and Jsc remained almost constant but FF decreased by ~5%
Summary
Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting interest in research and industrial laboratories due to their potential as high-performing devices for solar energy conversion.[1,2,3] Similar to organic solar cells (OSCs), the fabrication of PSCs is compatible with low temperatures and high-volume, large-area processing techniques from solution, so they may be developed at low-cost. Several techniques reported for OSCs used thin films of waterbased PEDOT:PSS dispersions that were coated onto the active layer during lamination.[16,17,18] It is well known that halide perovskites are sensitive to polar solvents and humidity.[14,15] these lamination concepts cannot be directly adopted for the fabrication of PSCs. Recently, organic-solvent based PEDOT was successively coated directly on the perovskite and was tested as hole-extraction layer and interlayer between the hole-transporting material and a metal grid electrode.[19,20,21]. Process parameters were optimized for the film thickness of the conductive glue (to planarize the metal mesh), the sorbitol content (for effective adhesion), and the laminate electrode pre-annealing temperature (to remove water from PEDOT:PSS, but not to evaporate sorbitol from the film). Simple manufacturing steps can lead to low-cost, high-efficiency PSC technologies
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