A traction-based mechanism for somitogenesis in the chick.

Abstract

This paper suggests that chick somites form because presomitic cells exert tractional forces on one another. These forces derive from the increase in cell adhesion and density that occurs as N-CAM and N-cadherin are laid down by the motile cells of the presomitic mesoderm, well before the somites form. Harris et al. (1984) have shown that adhesive and motile cells in an appropriate environment in vitro can spontaneously form aggregates under the influence of the tractional forces that they exert. Presomitic mesodermal cells may behave similarly: as CAM production increases local adhesivity, the tractional forces between the cells should become sufficiently strong for groups of cells to segment off the mesenchyme as somites. The successive expression of CAMs down the presomitic mesoderm will thus lead to the formation of an anterior-posterior sequence of somites. This mechanism can explain several aspects of somitogenesis that models generating a repetitive pre-pattern through gating cohorts of cells find hard to explain: first, mesodermal segregation occurs among highly adherent cells; second, that multiple rows of somites can form in embryos cultured on highly adherent substrata; third, that stirred mesoderm will still form normal somites; and, fourth, how somite size can be altered in heat-shocked embryos and elsewhere. Suggestions are given as to how the mechanism may be tested and where else in the embryo it could apply.