A Tour Toward the Development of Various Techniques for Paralysis Detection Using Image Processing

Abstract

The facial paralysis is a disease that occurs due to facial nerve damage. It is the 7th cranial nerve which resides just behind the ear of human body. Facial nerve travels through a narrow canal, bonny canal called “fallopian canal” in skull, and exits from the skull via the stylomastoid foramen and then passes through parotid gland and subdivided to supply the facial muscles. Facial paralysis is a neuromuscular disorder which involves muscle of expression of the face and taste buds. The common form of facial paralysis is Bell’s palsy that is somehow having same symptoms, but it affects exact half portion of face, i.e., either left side of face which includes eyes, cheeks, lips, and chin or right side of face. But in facial paralysis, one quadrant of face gets affected, i.e., either eyes or lips. In examination of facial paralysis, the face is divided into four quadrants and one or more quadrant may be affected as per the degree of facial paralysis. That is why maximum research defined Bell’s palsy as facial palsy. But there is difference between the Bell’s palsy and facial palsy. It is believed that the various grading system helps to evaluate the degree of facial paralysis in the patients. Incidence of facial paralysis of idiopathic disorder is 25 per 100,000 annually or about 1 in 60 persons in a lifetime. The rate of growth of patients increased with the age of human being. In the USA, it affects about 40,000 people every year. As rate of growth of facial paralysis patients increasing per year so, Computer Science Engineers are participating in this for betterment in recovery and accuracy using grading system and 3D image processing which is not yet used in facial paralysis area. Paper is used to present all common techniques for detecting the facial paralysis and calculating the degree of facial paralysis by using grading system. Paper represents the comparison of all the common grading systems and different problem under one umbrella. Main objective of this paper is to present a review on the progress of research efforts made in various grading systems and then analyzing the scaling methods. The commonly used House–Brackmann grading system (HBGS) is discussed which can help to find the degree of facial paralysis. Higher the grade, more is the paralysis. The development of new method for detection and grading facial nerve function will be very challenging, but it will help the facial paralyzed patients up to some extent.