A Topography of Free Kicks

Abstract

This study investigates the spatial relationship of performance variables for soccer free kicks. In order to suggest ways in which players might optimize their performance, we collected data from free kicks (< 35m to goal line) of two German Bundesliga seasons (2013/14, 2014/15) (n = 1;624). In the analysis, we applied the ISO-map approach using color gradients to visualize the mean values of a variable on a 2D-map of the pitch. Additionally, variograms were used to describe the degree of spatial dependence of the free kick variables. Results show that DENSITY, TYPE OF PLAY, PLAYERS IN WALL, DISTANCE TO WALL and RULE VIOLATION were strongly spatially dependent. Centrality and proximity to the goal increased the variables PLAYERS IN WALL, RULE VIOLATIONS and INTERRUPTION TIME, and the ratio of goals scored increased from 5.9 % (central far) to 10.9 % (central near). In 70.9 % of the shots, players preferred a switched laterality, which did not result in a higher success rate. Furthermore, there was no statistical advantage for the defensive team when DISTANCE TO WALL was below 9.15 m or when there was a RULE VIOLATION. Crosses had a success rate (i.e. first controlled ball contact after the cross) of 20.8 %. Played with natural laterality, they were 5 % more successful than with switched laterality. Crosses from the right side outside the penalty box were 10 % more successful than from the left side. Therefore, it might be worthwhile practicing the defense of balls coming from this side.