Abstract
Urban energy mapping plays a crucial role in benchmarking the energy performance of buildings for many stakeholders. This study examined a set of buildings in the city of Borlänge, Sweden, owned by the municipality. The aim was to present a digital spatial map of both electricity use and district heating demand in the spatial–temporal dimension. A toolkit for top-down data processing and analysis was considered based on the energy performance database of municipality-owned buildings. The data were initially cleaned, transformed and geocoded using custom scripts and an application program interface (API) for OpenStreetMap and Google Maps. The dataset consisted of 228 and 105 geocoded addresses for, respectively, electricity and district heating monthly consumption for the year 2018. A number of extra parameters were manually incorporated to this data, i.e., the total floor area, the building year of construction and occupancy ratio. The electricity use and heating demand in the building samples were about 24.47 kWh/m2 and 268.78 kWh/m2, respectively, for which great potential for saving heating energy was observed. Compared to the electricity use, the district heating showed a more homogenous pattern following the changes of the seasons. The digital mapping revealed a spatial representation of identifiable hotspots for electricity uses in high-occupancy/density areas and for district heating needs in districts with buildings mostly constructed before 1980. These results provide a comprehensive means of understanding the existing energy distributions for stakeholders and energy advisors. They also facilitate strategy geared towards future energy planning in the city, such as energy benchmarking policies.
Highlights
IntroductionIn the EU, buildings currently consume over 40% of total primary energy usage [1]
A dedicated spatial–temporal analysis of both electricity use and district heating demand in a Swedish local-city context was provided in this study using a toolkit for topdown digital mapping
The average electricity demand in the Borlänge building samples was 24.47 kWh/m2, which was reasonably lower than the average value in Sweden
Summary
In the EU, buildings currently consume over 40% of total primary energy usage [1]. With its sights set on the new paradigm shift regarding energy production, efficiency and climate change, Sweden will implement strategies to reach national targets for energy efficiency in the building sector by. Urban development and the expansion of cities, through the modification of land uses (from natural to artificial), cause a shift in the local energy budget and energy supply/demand patterns. Such a transformation has significantly changed the microenvironment and the related energy usage in urban cities [4]. The mapping of urban building energy plays a crucial role in understanding the multitude of agents that take part in the energy performance of buildings and in setting up the benchmarks in different districts for various stakeholders
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