Abstract
The uncertainty of wind power results in wind power forecasting errors (WPFE) which lead to difficulties in formulating dispatching strategies to maintain the power balance. Demand response (DR) is a promising tool to balance power by alleviating the impact of WPFE. This paper offers a control method of combining DR and automatic generation control (AGC) units to smooth the system’s imbalance, considering the real-time DR potential (DRP) and security constraints. A schematic diagram is proposed from the perspective of a dispatching center that manages smart appliances including air conditioner (AC), water heater (WH), electric vehicle (EV) loads, and AGC units to maximize the wind accommodation. The presented model schedules the AC, WH, and EV loads without compromising the consumers’ comfort preferences. Meanwhile, the ramp constraint of generators and power flow transmission constraint are considered to guarantee the safety and stability of the power system. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach, simulations are performed in an IEEE 24-node system. The results indicate that considerable benefits can be realized by coordinating the DR and AGC units to mitigate the WPFE impacts.
Highlights
As intermittent renewable energies continue to enter the power grid, more and more operational and regulatory challenges emerge
The results indicate that considerable benefits can be realized by coordinating the demand response (DR) and automatic generation control (AGC) units to mitigate the wind power forecasting error (WPFE) impacts
The generator capability was smaller than the imbalanced power most of the time, which the generator capability deviated from the imbalanced power
Summary
As intermittent renewable energies continue to enter the power grid, more and more operational and regulatory challenges emerge. The variability and unpredictability of wind power generation increase the amplitude and occurrence rate of power imbalance in the power system [2,3,4], which is mainly regulated by automatic generation control (AGC) units in real-time. To cope with the abovementioned challenges, additional flexible resources are required in smart grids. Supplemental energy resources such as storage devices [7], pumped-storage hydro plants [8], gas turbines, and compressed air energy storage [9] are feasible solutions proposed to reduce the variability and uncertainty of wind power.
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