Abstract
Time based positioning with terrestrial mobile radio signals has gained remarkable attention. To develop and validate positioning algorithms under realistic conditions, an accurate knowledge of the propagation channel is significant. However, there is still a lack of outdoor-to-indoor channel models suitable for positioning applications. To be applicable for positioning, the channel model has to fulfill three requirements that have not been accurately considered so far: the non-line-of-sight bias (affecting ranging accuracy), nondiscrete valued channel parameters (affecting algorithm performance), and the evolution of individual multipath components (MPCs) with time (affecting tracking performance). In this paper, an outdoor-to-indoor channel model is proposed based on an extension of the geometry-based stochastic modeling approach to fulfill the requirements. We consider MPCs occurring due to reflection, scattering, and combinations of both. In the model, three different types of MPCs are modeled separately according to their characteristics. Each MPC is represented by a fixed scatterer, which has a fixed position while the receiver antenna is moving. The parameters of the outdoor-to-indoor channel model are extracted from two channel measurement campaigns. The proposed outdoor-to-indoor channel model is capable of accurately simulating the time variant channel. A comparison of the channel model with the channel measurement data is performed by comparing statistics.
Highlights
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) provide accurate positioning as long as line-of-sight (LoS) conditions between satellites and receiver prevail
If the updated Rx position is outside the visible region (VR) of an multipath components (MPCs), the MPC is removed from the channel impulse responses (CIRs)
The contribution of this paper is an outdoor-to-indoor channel model fulfilling the requirements for simulations of mobile radio based positioning algorithms
Summary
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) provide accurate positioning as long as line-of-sight (LoS) conditions between satellites and receiver prevail. The channel model in [17], parameterized by ultra-wideband (UWB) measurement in gas stations, uses a more realistic approach, that is, assigning a directive beam pattern for each MPC to simulate the path’s birth-death process as in [28]. This model considers only paths occurring due to unique scattering. As one of the most essential parameters relevant to positioning applications, the time variant absolute delay (i.e., the time of a signal propagating from the transmitter to the receiver via a certain path) of an MPC is accurately modeled.
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