Abstract
A major aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between time perspective, i.e., habitual ways of relating to the past, present, and future, and sleep quality. A second aim was to test a model by which the expected negative relationship between deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP), a measure taking temporal biases across all three time frames into account, and life satisfaction was mediated by poor sleep quality. To these ends, a sample of young adults (N = 386) completed a version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A measure of chronotype was in addition included for control purposes. Bivariate analyses revealed that the S-ZTPI subscales Past Negative, Future Negative and Present Fatalistic were associated with poorer sleep quality (higher PSQI scores), with significant associations in the opposite direction for Past Positive and Future Positive. However, DBTP was the strongest predictor of (poorer) sleep quality, suggesting that time perspective biases have an additive effect on sleep quality. Regression analyses with PSQI as the dependent variable and all six ZTPI subscales as the predictors indicated that time perspective accounted for about 20% of the variance in sleep quality (17% beyond chronotype), with Past Negative, Past Positive, and Future Negative as the unique predictors. The results additionally confirmed a strong relationship between DBTP and life satisfaction. Finally, data were consistent with the hypothesis that the association of DBTP and life satisfaction is mediated, in part, by sleep quality. Taken together, the results confirmed a substantial link between time perspective sleep-related problems, factors that may have a negative impact on life satisfaction.
Highlights
Sleep is essential to homeostatic processes required for adequate human functioning, including cognitive (Deak and Stickgold, 2010) and socio-emotional functioning (Beattie et al, 2015) and sufficient sleep is critical for maintaining physical health (Medic et al, 2017)
The sample means for S-Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) subscales were similar to those in the sample used for development of the inventory (Carelli et al, 2011)
All six ZTPI subscales were significantly associated with Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), but in different directions
Summary
Sleep is essential to homeostatic processes required for adequate human functioning, including cognitive (Deak and Stickgold, 2010) and socio-emotional functioning (Beattie et al, 2015) and sufficient sleep is critical for maintaining physical health (Medic et al, 2017). For example, linked to increased risk for cardio-vascular disease (Lao et al, 2018), cognitive deficits (Nebes et al, 2009), and lower levels of life satisfaction. Time Perspective and Sleep Quality (e.g., Paunio et al, 2009: Ness and Saksvik-Lehouillier, 2018). Poor sleep quality may reflect a variety of situational factors. Between-person differences in sleep quality tend to be rather stable (e.g., Knutson et al, 2006). We examined sleep quality in relation to time perspective (TP), a trait-like construct that has attracted much interest in recent years and predicted symptoms of distress beyond more traditional personality factors (e.g., Åström et al, 2018a)
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