Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a serious health and economic burden worldwide. Modifiable lifestyle factors are a focus of research into reducing the burden of CVD, with diet as one of the most investigated factors. Specifically, the timing and regularity of food intake is an emerging research area, with approaches such as time-restricted eating (TRE) receiving much attention. TRE involves shortening the time available to eat across the day and is associated with improved CVD outcomes compared with longer eating windows. However, studies that have examined TRE have not considered the impact of sleep on CVD outcomes despite recent evidence showing that sleep duration can influence the timing and amount of food eaten. In this article, we argue that as TRE and sleep influence each other, and influence the same cardiometabolic parameters, experiencing inadequate sleep may attenuate any positive impact TRE has on CVD. We examine the relationship between TRE and CVD, with sleep as a potential mediator in this relationship, and propose a research agenda to investigate this relationship. This will provide necessary evidence to inform future interventions aimed at reducing the burden of CVD.
Highlights
IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term used to describe medical conditions that affect the heart, blood vessels, and cardiometabolic health [1,2]
Cardiometabolic Risk and ChronobiologyCardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term used to describe medical conditions that affect the heart, blood vessels, and cardiometabolic health [1,2]
We propose that sleep is considered a mediator, whereby inadequate sleep mediates the relationship between time-restricted eating (TRE) and CVD (Figure 3)
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term used to describe medical conditions that affect the heart, blood vessels, and cardiometabolic health [1,2]. There is a known relationship between food intake and sleep [55,56,57] such that inadequate sleep can lead to altered meal timing [55,58] and increased cravings for certain foods [59,60], and different foods and nutrients can impact sleep quality [61,62] These interactions highlight the need to better understand the relationships between eating patterns, such as TRE, sleep, circadian misalignment, and cardiometabolic health. Additional inappropriate consideration of TREcan forlead those night between shifts is [16,18], eating food at biologically times toworking misalignment needed; in particular, this would determine the impact and feasibility of shortening central and peripheral clocks [83].
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