Abstract
The rubber elasticity is discussed in terms of the pseudo cross-link concept. The classical equation of rubber elasticity deviates from experiments not only at large extension, but also even at small one. The former deviation is to be ascribed in most cases to the limited chain extensibility, because the steep increase of the force at large extension is varnished if the equations represented by the fractional extension derived by Guth, James or the authors is employed. The deviation at small extension is also diminished if the empirical equation of Mooney-Rivlin is used. The Mooney-Rivlin type equation can be derived on the basis of pseudo cross-link theory. The C2-term in the Mooney-Rivlin equation is attributed to the pseudo cross-link which decreases during elongation. When the remaining pseudo cross-link is less than a critical value for viscous flow, the flow resistance partly balanced with the elastic force becomes large. The effect of viscous flow is revealed in the force in retraction as a hysteresis. Filler enhances the hysteresis.
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