A theoretical study of three and four proton donors on linear HX···BeH2···HX and bifurcate BeH2···2HX trimolecular dihydrogen-bonded complexes with X = CN and NC

Abstract

The interaction phenomenon H−δ···H+δ between two hydrogen atoms binding each other is well-known in dihydrogen-bonded complexes. Either by experimental or theoretical viewpoint, dihydrogen bonds are often known as directional or bifurcate interactions. Regarding the beryllium hydride BeH2, its capacity to form bimolecular complexes with proton donors has been demonstrated, but in some cases, trimolecular complexes are also characterized in a minimum of the potential energy surface. As such, in this work is presented a theoretical study about the formation of trimolecular dihydrogen complexes with three hydrogen centers. By taking into account the beryllium hydride BeH2 as proton acceptor, two classical proton donors were chosen, HCN and HNC. The great goal of this work is the analysis of two dihydrogen complexes types: bifurcate BeH2···2HX and linear HX···BeH2···HX. In these systems, it is discussed the capacity of one hydride H−δ (H–Be–H−δ) to interact simultaneously with two proton donors, as well as when two hydrides H−δ (−δH–Be–H−δ) form linear dihydrogen bonds. In this context, the analysis of the vibrational harmonic spectrum at B3LYP/6-311 ++G(3d,3p) level of theory and the interpretation of the topological parameters derived from Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) aided us to determine which is the most stable trimolecular complex, either bifurcate or linear. Moreover, quantification of charge transfer measured by the QTAIM formalism as well as by ChelpG calculations also were used with the purpose to justify infrared effects, such as red-shift and blue-shift stretch modes on donors (HCN and HNC) and acceptors (BeH2) of protons.