A theoretical study of the interactions between carbon dioxide and some Group(III) trihalides: Implications in carbon dioxide sequestration

The principal mechanisms for the geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep saline formations include geological structural trapping, hydrological entrapment of nonwetting fluids, aqueous phase dissolution and ionization, and geochemical sorption and mineralization. In sedimentary saline formations the dominant mechanisms are structural and dissolution trapping, with moderate to weak contributions from hydrological and geochemical trapping; where, hydrological trapping occurs during the imbibition of aqueous solution into pore spaces occupied by gaseous carbon dioxide, and geochemical trapping is controlled by generally slow reaction kinetics. In addition to being globally abundant and vast, deep basaltic lava formations offer mineralization kinetics that make geochemical trapping a dominate mechanism for trapping carbon dioxide in these formations. For several decades the United States Department of Energy has been investigating Columbia River basalt in the Pacific Northwest as part of its environmental programs and options for natural gas storage. Recently this nonpotable and extensively characterized basalt formation is being reconsidered as a potential reservoir for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide. The reservoir has an estimated storage capacity of 100 giga tonnes of carbon dioxide and comprises layered basalt flows with sublayering that generally alternates between low permeability massive and high permeability breccia. Chemical analysis of themore » formation shows 10 wt% Fe, primarily in the +2 valence. The mineralization reaction that makes basalt formations attractive for carbon dioxide sequestration is that of calcium, magnesium, and iron silicates reacting with dissolved carbon dioxide, producing carbonate minerals and amorphous quartz. Preliminary estimates of the kinetics of the silicate-to-carbonate reactions have been determined experimentally and this research is continuing to determine effects of temperature, pressure, rock composition and mineral assemblages on the reaction rates. This study numerically investigates the injection, migration and sequestration of supercritical carbon dioxide in deep Columbia River basalt formations using the multifluid subsurface flow and reactive transport simulator STOMP-CO2 with its ECKEChem module. Simulations are executed on high resolution multiple stochastic realizations of the layered basalt systems and demonstrate the migration behavior through layered basalt formations and the mineralization of dissolved carbon dioxide. Reported results include images of the migration behavior, distribution of carbonate formation, quantities of injected and sequestered carbon dioxide, and percentages of the carbon dioxide sequestered by different mechanisms over time.« less

The study on the carbon dioxide sequestration by applying wooden structure on eco-technological and leisure facilities

In 2002, the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry began a 6-yr project on carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in coal seams entitled Japan CO2 Geosequestration in Coal Seams Project (JCOP), a component of the Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Effective Use Program. The goal of JCOP is to develop a series of processes that can (1) extract the CO2 discharged from thermal power plants and other large-scale emitters, (2) fix it in a stable state within coal seams, and in the process (3) recover methane (CH4) as a clean energy source. The project involves fundamental research into CO2 adsorption on coal, CO2 monitoring methods that ensure the safety of the sequestration process, and micropilot tests. From analyses of JCOP results obtained to date, several outcomes can be highlighted. (1) A total of 461 t of CO2 was injected at an average rate of 3.0 tons/day. (2) Carbon dioxide breakthrough has not yet been observed. (3) An enhanced coalbed methane effect was observed. (4) Coal-seam permeability changed dynamically because of coal-matrix swelling or shrinkage. (5) Nitrogen (N2) injection was effective in recovering the lost injectivity associated with coal swelling. (6) A history-matched model was constructed for the micropilot tests based on coal properties determined in situ or with laboratory measurements. (7) No signs of CO2 leakage have been observed so far.

Carbon dioxide (CO ) sequestration in deep coal seams has been identified as one of the potential methods to reduce CO emission into the atmosphere. In this paper, a commercial coalbed methane reservoir simulator, COMET 3, was used to study the effects of seam conditions such as temperature and moisture content of the coal, and injection pressure and gas composition on CO sequestration in coal. A 500×500×20 m coal layer, which is lying 1000m below the ground surface, was simulated in the model. CO was injected from the bottom center of the coal layer for 10 years using a well of 0.1 m diameter. Four scenarios were simulated by changing the temperature and moisture content of the coal seam, and injection pressure and gas composition. The model results show that the amount of CO that can be injected into the coal seam decreases by around 75% when the temperature of the coal seam changes from 10 °C to 50 °C; decreases by 99% when the moisture content of the coal seam was changed from 0.1 (cm /cm ) to 0.5 (cm /cm ); and increases by around 40000% when the gas injection pressure increases from 10 to 20 MPa, and increases by 80% when the percentage of CH in the injection gas changes from 0% to 10%. © 2011 ASCE. 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 3 3 3

The purpose of this study is to investigate of experiments to reactive transport module for handling aquifer sequestration of carbon dioxide and modeling of simultaneous geochemical reactions. Two separate cases of laboratory carbon dioxide sequestration experiments, conducted for different rock systems, are modeled using the fully coupled geochemical compositional simulator and the relevant permeability relationships are compared to determine the best fit with the experimental results. This study determined that simulated changes in porosity and permeability could mimic experimental results to some extent. Increased porosities of 7% were found in the dolomite-calcite models and 20% for quartz-carbonate core flooding simulation systems respectively. This is comparable to published experimental results. The formation rock and brine compositions played a significant role for changes taking place in porosity. This study also compared the relevant permeability correlations for their effectiveness in representing the porosity and permeability changes in the carbon dioxide sequestration process. Civan's Power Law correlated experimental changes significantly better than the Kozeny-Carman, and other empirical equations for the permeability. Therefore it is concluded that Civan's Power Law equation of permeability could be an appropriate model for the carbon dioxide sequestration processes. Introduction Over long time periods geological sequestration in some systems also show mineralization effects or mineral sequestration of carbon dioxide, converting the carbon dioxide to a less mobile form. However, a detailed study of these geological systems in many aspects, like petrophysical and geochemical, is needed before disposing of carbon dioxide into these formations. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs and underground aquifers are proposed candidates for carbon dioxide injection. This study is primarily evaluates the effects of carbon dioxide disposal on the geochemical and petrophysical properties of aquifers. For this purpose, two different experimental cases are modeled. The results of the simulation model are compared with published experimental measurements and the variations in porosity and permeability are evaluated with changes in injection rates, temperatures, brine concentration, formation composition etc. In addition the viability of different permeability-porosity models for the carbon dioxide sequestration process is investigated. Large amounts of carbon dioxide can be injected into deep aquifers. Part of the injected carbon dioxide dissolves into brine which induces chemical imbalances into the system. The in situ pH decreases and the carbonic acid formed in this process react with different rock components to reestablish chemical equilibrium. The typical reactions are dissolution and precipitation reactions of rock matrix and rock components. This results in changes of some petrophysical properties of the formation like porosity and permeability which in turn affect the level of the carbon dioxide sequestration. The rest of the carbon dioxide which does not dissolve in brine and is in a supercritical state at the conditions of most aquifers being considered may travel towards the top of the aquifer due to the buoyancy forces. The changes in the petrophysical properties because of the precipitation and dissolution reactions may help or hinder the mobility of the traveling carbon dioxide.

Increasing numbers of vehicles wil lincrease the concentration of carbondioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Bogor Botanical Gardens was chosen as study site because it is one of urban forest in Bogor City with an important role in absorbing carbondioxide (CO2). Therefore to calculate carbondioxide (CO2) that was absorbed by canopy trees in Bogor Botanical Garden used the software ArcView3.2 and extensions CITYgreen 5.0. Based on the result of the analysis CITYgreen 5.0 obtained information stating that existing condition in Bogor Botanical Gardens has carbondioxide (CO2) sequestration potential by 134,61 tons/year and it is able to absorb carbondioxide (CO2) emissions only 0,06 % of carbondioxide (CO2) emitted by motor vehicles at this time. Bogor Botanical Gardens with the first scenario could increase the carbondioxide (CO2) sequestration potential from existing condition by 117,06%. The first scenario is able to absorb carbondioxide (CO2) emissionsby 0,055% carbondioxide (CO2) emitted by motor vehicles in 2040. Then the second scenario was made to increase the carbondioxide (CO2) sequestration potential. The second scenario could increase the carbondioxide (CO2) sequestration potential from the existing condition in the Bogor Botanical Gardens by 267,88%. The second scenario is able to absorb carbondioxide (CO2) emissions by 0,094% sof carbondioxide (CO2) emitted by motor vehicles in 2040. Keywords: Bogor Botanical Garden,Carbondioxide (CO2) emission, Carbondioxide (CO2) sequestration, CITYgreen 5.0

12 - Carbon dioxide sequestration by alkali-activated materials

Recently bio-concrete is one of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration process which has suitability to ensure the biggest problem on global warming can be solved and this technology also has been discussed widely by researches. The application of this technology could provide a new sustainable product of building material in several kinds of product. In bio-concrete its synonym with the various type of bacteria and the most famous is Bacillus species. Thus, the mechanism of self-healing of bacterial concrete occurs through the metabolic conversion of calcium lactate to calcium carbonate in crack sealing. Encouragement by this technology it brings in parallel the green technologies which potential to adsorb CO2 to reduction of emission CO2 that main contributor on global warming. Besides that, CO2 that fills the atmosphere through the natural conversion and capturing which is biological, chemical and physical processes. The potential bio-concrete to sequestrate CO2 use concept carbonic anhydrase (CA) through the carbonation process and bacterial species is highlighted. The main objective of this paper is to review on carbon dioxide sequestration in bio-concrete and self-healing.

India has approximately 0.5% of world’s Oil and Gas reserves and fifth highest coal reserves in the world. Renewables like solar, hydropower and wind are in plenty but considering the state of the technology and commercial issues, renewables can only make a significant contribution to India’s energy basket in the mid- to long term. Most of our power plants are coal-based and power requirements are growing exponentially. Energy analysts believe that in spite of huge coal reserves, India may overtake China and be the world’s highest importer of coal. It is therefore imperative that we start adopting clean coal technology. Carbon dioxide sequestration is one such technology where carbon dioxide emitted in power plants is captured and reinjected into the subsurface either in depleted oil, gas fields or coal seams or even in plain saline aquifers so that it remains entrapped. Carbon dioxide sequestration is also used as a tertiary recovery process to enhance recovery factor in discovered oil fields, both for light and heavy oil. USA, Canada and Brazil are champions in enhanced oil recovery projects through carbon sequestration with more than hundreds of projects worldwide. Sequestration in saline aquifers is relatively new and besides USA and Canada, South Africa has commenced a pilot project. Algeria is also exploring feasibility of using depleted gas fields for sequestration. Porosity, permeability, volume of reservoir and seal are the critical parameters for success of sequestration in a saline reservoir. China is the first country in Asia to take up sequestration in saline aquifers and is carrying out research and modelling work in a large scale to ensure technical feasibility. Enhanced coal-based methane production through carbon dioxide sequestration is an area of active global research. Coal rocks have higher affinity for carbon dioxide; hence methane is displaced increasing its mobility. Coal-based methane production is however low at present. This paper describes carbon dioxide utilization challenges for enhanced oil recovery, sequestration in saline aquifers and the success in Iceland on storing carbon dioxide within basalts. Reservoir modelling and simulation studies on the specific host reservoir rock have to be carried out before large volumes of carbon dioxide can be reinjected and stored in the subsurface.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) levels have been increasing since the times of industrial revolution. Awareness and concern on this issue has created an urgent interest in finding effective ways to reduce net GHG emissions. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to investigate the total biomass and Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration under Gmelina arborea (Beechwood), Tectonia grandis (Teak), Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple), Treculia africana (African breadfruit) and Anacardium occidentales (Cashew) plantations in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. On the premise of finding the ways of GHG reduction, a research was carried out in the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to estimate the amount of carbondioxide sequestered per year by different tree species. The anthropogenic forest was divided into different sections. Each section has been planted with Gmelina arborea, Tectonia grandis, Chrysophyllum albidum, Treculia africana and Anacardium occidentales. Each study site was 100 m x 100 m transect and sub-divided into 50 m x 50 m quadrant. Stem girth of live trees greater than or equal to 30 cm girth measure at breast height was measured. Tree diameter was also calculated to compute the tree carbon stock calculated as 50 % of its biomass and all data were subjected to statistical analysis to separate the means using Analysis of Variance at 5% probability. The result showed that Anacardium occidentales had the highest carbon stock (354.9 kg) and sequestered the highest CO2/year (88.53 ppm) while Chrysophyllum albidum had the least carbon stock (19.2 kg) and least CO2/year (5.41 ppm)

13 - Carbon dioxide sequestration on fly ash/waste glassalkali-based mortars with recycled aggregates: Compressive strength, hydration products, carbon footprint, and cost analysis

Purpose There is an increase in greenhouse gasses and global climate change is frequently reported on. What can be done? Certainly to try and reduce the carbon footprint, which is not a new topic, by encouraging applications and activities for concrete during its lifetime (Portland Cement Association, 2019). This study aims to focus on introducing CO2 to normal and fly ash concrete and thus investigating the effect on the carbon footprint of the samples and the effectiveness of the CO2 introduction methods, namely, carbonated water addition during the mixing process and by means of an infusion pipe directly into the concrete when the samples are casted and have been casted. Design/methodology/approach The feasibility of carbon dioxide storage within concrete is determined by investigating the effects of introduced carbon dioxide into concrete samples and the effectiveness of the concrete at storing carbon dioxide. The concrete was mixed in a 1:3:3 ratio for the OPC or blended 52.5 R cement:sand:stone (22 mm) with a 28 day strength of 50 MPa. Samples were also prepared containing low-grade fly ash cement contents ranging from 15% to 60%. CO2 was introduced to the concrete via carbonated mixing water and an infusion pipe system directly to the hardening concrete cubes. In total, 16 g CO2 bicycle carbon dioxide inflators and valve system were used to infuse the concrete over a period of a week until the canister was emptied with valve release on the lowest setting. A compression test was carried out to determine the strength of the concrete cubes with, and without, the introduction of carbon dioxide. Results were also obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) to determine how the carbon dioxide changed the microscopic composition and chemical composition of the concrete. A microcontroller with carbon dioxide sensors was used to gather carbon dioxide emission data for a period of three months. Findings The compressive strength tests show by introducing carbon dioxide to the concrete, the compressive strength has increased by as much as 13.86% as expected from the literature. Furthermore, by infusing carbon dioxide with the fly ash blended cement, will give a higher strength compared to the control with ordinary portland cement. This correlates to an overall reduction in cost for the structure. The optimal fly ash content for the control with minimal strength degradation is 30%. Where the optimal fly ash content for the concrete with carbon dioxide stored within, is 45%. The SEM analysis showed the concrete with sequestered carbon dioxide has significantly more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel formation, thus the strength increase. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide emission test showed the concrete with infused carbon dioxide stores carbon dioxide more efficiently compared to the control sample. With the data showing the infused sample releases 11.19% less carbon dioxide compared to the control sample. However, the carbonated water sample releases 20.9% more carbon dioxide when compared to the control sample. Thus the introduction of carbon dioxide by means of infusion is more effective. Practical implications This is a practical pilot investigation of carbon dioxide introduction via two methods, one being infusion of CO2 into normal concrete and fly ash concrete and two, mixing normal and fly ash concrete with carbonated water. These results show, cheaper cement can be used to achieve equivalent or better strength. This can help in the reduction of the construction industry’s carbon footprint. Originality/value By reducing the construction industry’s carbon footprint with this research results, a saving can not only be made financially in the construction industry, but this will help to preserve our environment for future generations.

The saline aquifer is the most reliable place where anthropogenic carbon dioxide gas storage has shown a promising future. This paper evaluates and predicts the capacities of different carbon dioxide storage trapping mechanisms in storing carbon dioxide gas in low porosity and permeability deep saline aquifers by using commercial reservoir simulator software i.e., Computer modeling group (CMG). Four carbon dioxide storage trapping modeled and simulated were structural or stratigraphic trapping mechanisms, residual trapping mechanisms, solubility trapping mechanisms, and mineral trapping mechanisms. Carbon dioxide gas was injected into a deep saline aquifer for 15 years, followed by 833 years of post-injection. To reflect the real field reality and have a reasonable approximation of the amount of carbon dioxide which can be stored in an aquifer, this paper included water vaporization effects that occur during carbon dioxide injection and water injection operations so as to optimize residual and solubility trapping mechanisms as the most important trapping mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of different important parameters such as salinity, vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio, injection rate, bottom hole pressure, and temperature on each carbon dioxide trapping mechanism were analyzed. Results revealed that each carbon dioxide trapping mechanism has a different capacity for storing carbon dioxide and could be either affected linearly or nonlinearly with various parameters. Higher aquifer temperatures are not recommended for carbon dioxide storage because most of the carbon dioxide gas is stored as free gas, which increases the risk of leakage in case of mechanical failure or imbalance. Excess salinity is the only factor that reduces aquifer storage capacity. Furthermore, it was found that an aquifer with a lower vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio is recommended for carbon dioxide storage because it increases carbon dioxide stored in an immobile phase, which avoids risk leakages. There was an increase of 43.2% and a decrease of 16.84% for minimum and maximum vertical-to-horizontal permeability (kv/kh) ratios, respectively, compared to the base for residual trapping mechanisms. Also, there was a decrease of carbon dioxide dissolved by 19% at maximum kv/kh ratios and an increase of 58% at minimum kv/kh ratios, compared to the base case. Further, there was an increase of carbon dioxide trapped by 96.4% and dissolved by 97% when water was injected at a higher rate compared to the base case (no water injection). Thus, a high injection rate is suggested to enhance residual and solubility trapping mechanisms. It is recommended that the carbon dioxide injection rate and bottom hole pressure be kept at optimal levels to avoid mechanical failure due to aquifer pressures building up, which can increase the risk of leakages and must be monitored and controlled at the surface using pressure gauges or sensor technology.

Preparation of durable magnesium oxysulfate cement with the incorporation of mineral admixtures and sequestration of carbon dioxide

As a metallurgical solid waste rich in active calcium oxide, magnesium slag (MS) is endowed with significant carbon dioxide sequestration potential due to its inherent properties, providing a feasible path for the simultaneous solution of waste residue disposal and carbon dioxide emission reduction. However, current research has neither clarified the kinetic mechanism (core theoretical support for carbon dioxide sequestration industrialization) nor systematically evaluated the life cycle environmental impacts of MS's two carbonation routes (direct or indirect leaching carbonation). To address this, this study explores kinetic laws via the single-factor control variable method, and combines life cycle assessment (LCA) to fill the gap, providing key theoretical support for process optimization and engineering promotion. Kinetic results show indirect carbon dioxide sequestration (ICDS) forms an inert silicon-rich layer (core-shrinkage model, mixed control, 28.4 kJ/mol activation energy), while direct carbon dioxide sequestration (DCDS) involves dual-layer formation and pore blockage (mixed control, 14.0 kJ/mol). The ICDS achieves a higher reaction rate of 89%, compared to 63% for the DCDS. In life cycle assessments, DCDS demonstrates outstanding overall environmental sustainability, particularly excelling in carbon dioxide sequestration and acidification control, while ICDS exhibits significant environmental drawbacks (such as high carbon dioxide emissions and ecological toxicity). However, ICDS possesses advantages such as high feedstock utilization and strong synthesis capabilities for high-value-added products. Through targeted optimization, its environmental indicators can be reduced in the future, making it suitable for specific scenarios like high-end calcium carbonate production and resource utilization of low-grade magnesium slag.