Abstract
Subjects learned either an abstract or concrete paired-associate list and were required to produce either a sentence or a drawing to each pair during study trials. A within-subjects variable of lists, mixed with respect to double-function or single-function items, tested Paivio’s (1971) directionality hypothesis and his assumptions concerning the nature of the dual codes. The results indicated support for Paivio’s hypotheses when only the imagery value of the pairs was considered. When type of code actually used by the subjects was considered, however, the results were completely contrary to Paivio’s hypotheses. The latter effect cannot be reconciled with the assumed parallel vs sequential distinction between the dual codes. Alternative interpretations were offered.
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