Abstract
Lipases are enzymes that, in aqueous or non-aqueous media, act on water-insoluble substrates, mainly catalyzing reactions on carboxyl ester bonds, such as hydrolysis, aminolysis, and (trans)esterification. Yarrowia lipolytica is a non-conventional yeast known for secreting lipases and other bioproducts; therefore, it is of great interest in various industrial fields. The production of lipases can be carried on solid-state fermentation (SSF) that utilizes solid substrates in the absence, or near absence, of free water and presents minimal problems with microbial contamination due to the low water contents in the medium. Moreover, SSF offers high volumetric productivity, targets concentrated compounds, high substrate concentration tolerance, and has less wastewater generation. In this sense, the present work provides a temporal evolution perspective regarding the main aspects of lipase production in SSF by Y. lipolytica, focusing on the most relevant aspects and presenting the potential of such an approach.
Highlights
The global market of enzymes is majorly represented by carbohydrolases, proteases, and lipases, and it was estimated at USD 9.9 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 7.1% from 2020 to 2027 [1,2]
In SSF, Peclat [118] developed a protocol for biomass sampling after fermentation and was able to verify the evolution of Y. lipolytica population obtained in solid-state fermentation in bright field microscopy, but with safranin staining, it being a promising tool for better understanding of this type of process
Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 195 and Aspergillus awamori with sugarcane bagasse and industrial wheat residues [126], in this case, the authors used the fungi color development to extract biomass information. They point out that a natural limitation to this method may exist if the fungal colony does not differ from the solid matrix considerably in color. Due to their ability to act on insoluble substrates in aqueous and non-aqueous media, lipases have versatility for potential applications in the food, detergent, pharmaceutical, leather, textile, cosmetic, and paper industries
Summary
The global market of enzymes is majorly represented by carbohydrolases, proteases, and lipases, and it was estimated at USD 9.9 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 7.1% from 2020 to 2027 [1,2]. Soybean hulls are the first by-products obtained once it is removed from the seeds before oil extraction and meal processing [16] Their composition varies in a large range because it depends on local and seasonal growing conditions and the applied treatments [17]. The low lignin content is a desirable characteristic for the use of this major source of carbohydrates as fermentable sugars [17] They have been used as a single component or in association with other waste for the cultivation of several fungi aiming at the production of cellulolytic enzymes by Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus oryzae, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium with corn residue [18]; by A. niger with waste paper [19]; T. reesei and A. oryzae with wheat bran [20] or without it [21]; lipids by Mortierella isabelline [22]; monacolin. The present work provides a temporal evolution perspective, focusing on the most relevant aspects concerning the use of Yarrowia lipolitica for lipases production in solid-state fermentation (SSF)
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