Abstract
Energy consumption is a major issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as nodes are powered by chemical batteries with an upper bounded lifetime. Estimating the lifetime of batteries is a difficult task, as it depends on several factors, such as operating temperatures and discharge rates. Analytical battery models can be used for estimating both the battery lifetime and the voltage behavior over time. Still, available models usually do not consider the impact of operating temperatures on the battery behavior. The target of this work is to extend the widely-used Kinetic Battery Model (KiBaM) to include the effect of temperature on the battery behavior. The proposed Temperature-Dependent KiBaM (T-KiBaM) is able to handle operating temperatures, providing better estimates for the battery lifetime and voltage behavior. The performed experimental validation shows that T-KiBaM achieves an average accuracy error smaller than 0.33%, when estimating the lifetime of Ni-MH batteries for different temperature conditions. In addition, T-KiBaM significantly improves the original KiBaM voltage model. The proposed model can be easily adapted to handle other battery technologies, enabling the consideration of different WSN deployments.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being increasingly used in industrial, commercial and residential facilities to support monitoring applications
The aforementioned research works have the following limitations when dealing with the typical usage of batteries in WSN nodes: (a) they address high battery capacities that are usually found in electrical vehicle applications; for this type of application, the focus is on the charge/discharge cycle behavior of the batteries, and not on their single-cycle charging mode and long duration operating behavior; (b) they consider that accuracy errors in the range of 5%–10% are adequate to characterize the typical usage of batteries in electrical vehicle applications; that is not the case for the lifetime estimation of batteries operating on single-cycle charging mode and long-term operation [7]
These results demonstrate that T-Kinetic Battery Model (KiBaM) is able to accurately estimate the battery lifetime of WSN
Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being increasingly used in industrial, commercial and residential facilities to support monitoring applications. A relevant shortcoming of the original KiBaM is that it presents a linear voltage model to represent the discharge of the battery over time This linear representation can induce a significant error on the battery lifetime estimation, when considering different voltage levels as voltage cut-off points for the WSN nodes. An experimental assessment with Ni-MH rechargeable batteries operating with small discharge currents for long periods of time This experimental assessment shows that T-KiBaM achieves an average accuracy error smaller than 0.35%, when estimating the lifetime of batteries for different temperature conditions. This result significantly improves the accuracy of the original.
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