Abstract
Fragments of decorated floor tiles were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck, Israel. Most tiles were made of bright brown fired clay with a white glaze decorated with colored stenciled motifs (Type A); and others consisted of a red-brown fired clay body, coated with a brown pigment covered with transparent brown glaze (Type B). This study aimed to characterize the two tile types; to reveal information concerning the manufacturing process; and to determine the origin of their raw material. A multidisciplinary approach was used, including light microscopy, SEM-EDS, electron probe microanalysis with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS), XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analyses. The characterization of both tile types demonstrated the use of different raw materials. The Type A tiles were covered with tin-opacified majolica glaze and colored with various mixtures of pigments. The blue color was due to pigment rich in cobalt; the yellow color was due to Naples yellow and lead-tin yellow I minerals; and the green, orange, and brown colors were all prepared by mixing the Naples yellow pigment with different minerals. These majolica glaze tiles were probably manufactured in Sicily. The brown coating of the Type B tiles was due to pigment rich in lead and iron minerals. These tiles were produced with different manufacturing processes, and apparently made in France.
Highlights
A shipwreck designated as the Akko Tower Wreck was discovered at the entrance to Akko harbor in 1966, next to the Tower of Flies, after which it was named
The decorated floor tiles are the subject of the present research, as part of an ongoing series of studies of the shipwreck and its artifacts [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The composite body of Type A tiles was made of bright brown clay matrix with embedded particles (Figure 4a)
Summary
A shipwreck designated as the Akko Tower Wreck was discovered at the entrance to Akko harbor in 1966, next to the Tower of Flies, after which it was named. The ship was built under the influence of the French shipbuilding tradition during the first half of the nineteenth century in a well-established shipyard [1]. The shipwreck was the object of four underwater excavation seasons by the Leon Recanati. The decorated floor tiles are the subject of the present research, as part of an ongoing series of studies of the shipwreck and its artifacts [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Type A were about 20 cm Coatings 2020, 10, 1091; doi:10.3390/coatings10111091 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings
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