A systems biology approach to the metabolic syndrome

Abstract

The syntrophins are a family of cytoplasmic adapter proteins that associate with dystrophin family proteins and have putative signaling and structural roles at the neuromuscular junction. We have localized the syntrophin family members within the rodent junction from birth to adulthood. α-Syntrophin is the only isoform on the postsynaptic membrane at birth. In the adult, it occurs on the crests of the junctional folds, with utrophin, and in the troughs, with dystrophin. Surprisingly, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) does not accompany α-syntrophin onto the crests. β2-Syntrophin, a junction-specific form, is not present at birth and occurs mainly in the troughs in the adult. β1-Syntrophin is a sarcolemmal form at birth, not concentrated at the junction, and disappears entirely from most fibers by 6 weeks. In positive fibers, junctional β1-syntrophin occurs exclusively in the troughs. These results suggest that the syntrophin isoforms have distinct functions at the junction and show that the known protein–protein associations of the syntrophins and nNOS in skeletal muscle are not sufficient to explain their localizations.