Abstract
In recent years, many inorganic silica/carbon-based and magnetic materials have been selected to arrest copper ions through a widespread range of anchoring and embedding methodologies. These inorganic supported nanocatalysts have been found to be efficient, environmentally friendly, recyclable, and durable. In addition, one of the vital issues for expanding new, stable, and reusable catalysts is the discovery of unique catalysts. The basis and foundation of this review article is to consider the recently published developments (2014–2019) in the synthesis and catalytic applications of copper supported by silica nanocomposites, carbon nanocomposites, and magnetic nanocomposites for expanding the “click” chemistry.
Highlights
We have provided an overview on the synthesis and functionalization of SiO2 nanoparticles and on the investigation on their catalytic applications in Cu alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions
We provide an overview on the synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanomaterials the catalytic application of these materials in CuAAC reactions
In this review, we provide an overview on the synthesis and functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and on investigations on their catalytic application in CuAAC reactions
Summary
Heterocycles are a class of organic compounds with significant biological activities [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], including antimicrobial [2], antibacterial [3], anti-HIV [4], antiviral [5], antiparkinsonian [6], and anticancer [10] properties. A microwave-assisted method was developed for the preparation of 1,2,3-triazole products, substituted at the 1- and 4-positions, from benzyl halides, sodium azide, and nonactivated alkynes in a mixture of water and ethanol using a Cu(I) complex supported on graphene oxide, 88 [81], and the synthesis of “click” products by this new catalyst was successfully accomplished. Different organic halides (benzyl bromides, benzyl chloride, allyl bromide, aliphatic epoxides, and aromatic epoxides) were treated with sodium azide and phenylacetylene in the presence of a catalytic amount of the copper catalyst 121 in water at 70 °C (Scheme 26) These magnetically retrievable nanoparticles could be recycled five times. The catalytic activity of 131 was studied in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles substituted at the 1- and 4-position by regioselective “click“ reactions of benzyl/alkyl bromides or arylboronic acids, sodium azide, and aromatic/alkyl alkynes in the presence of low copper catalyst 131 loadings (0.1 mol %) at 30 °C for 24 h (Scheme 28). The magnetic nanocatalyst could be recycled at least four times with only negligible change in its catalytic activity
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