A systematic review of thermal management techniques for electric vehicle batteries

Abstract

In the current era of sustainable energy and countries' efforts to reduce carbon emissions and transition to green transportation, lithium batteries have emerged as a promising means of meeting transportation requirements. Specifically, their high energy density makes them suitable for use in electric vehicles. These vehicles offer a way to comply with stringent regulations and reduce emissions. A lithium battery's efficacy and lifespan are significantly affected by temperature. In order to prioritize electric vehicle safety and reduce range anxiety, it is crucial to have a comprehensive comprehension of the current state as well as the ability to anticipate future developments and address issues related to battery thermal management systems (BTMS). A Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that is optimally designed is essential for ensuring that Li-ion batteries operate properly within an ideal and safe temperature range. This system must effectively maintain a uniform temperature distribution across the cell, module, and battery pack's surface. This article begins with a bibliographic overview of research conducted on battery thermal management systems (BTMS). In particular, it emphasizes the significance of using phase change material (PCM)-based hybrid cooling systems. These types of hybrid systems have the potential to save energy without requiring moving elements and vehicle system power consumption. The paper then analyzes lithium-ion battery types, the processes of chemical reaction, the generation of electrical energy, and the mechanisms of heat generation within the battery. In addition, the impact of temperature on thermal phenomena in batteries, including thermal runaway and lithium dendrite, is examined. The study then provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the thermal management strategy in recent experimental, simulation, and modeling research within the organized category of BTMS for all-electric and hybrid vehicle battery packs. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of each category of active and passive cooling methods, such as air, liquid, phase change material, heat pipe, thermoelectric, and refrigerant, were assessed. Then, research gaps were discussed, and prospective research directions, including passive-active hybrid techniques, were proposed.