Abstract
Obesity has long been cited as a significant risk factor for high blood pressure, with long-term exposure linked with an increased incidence of carotid artery atherosclerosis. However, as obesity is becoming more common in young-aged children, it is important to recognize combinational factors like lifestyle, socioeconomic, and genetic factors as a cause. Increasing weight during childhood, on the other hand, is a clinically significant challenge for many physicians. It is critical to identify these risk factors since early prevention (primordial prevention) or treatment (primary prevention) to reverse the potential risks is much more likely to be effective. The objective of this review was to explore the relationship between lifestyle, anthropometric, and genetic factors and cardiometabolic risk factors. We are hopeful that our findings may aid in the primary prevention of hypertension in children and the prevention of any related cardiovascular complications that may arise later in life as a result of obesity. The synthesis of this systematic review includes a total of 15 studies using defined criteria, published up to October 2021. In addition, a total of 2,397 articles were found through an initial electronic database search and included a total of 38,182 participants. Studies explored included one or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors: body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). The findings of this study support the notion that childhood obesity may be a risk factor for a variety of adult cardiovascular disease risk factors. Several behavioral, genetic, and anthropometric factors are linked to the development of obesity during early ages, overall creating challenges in cardiovascular health during adulthood. As a result, addressing the risk factors for childhood hypertension would be advantageous for the primary prevention of its sequelae in adulthood.
Highlights
BackgroundCardiovascular diseases are part of a well-known reason for death among many individuals
Some of the included associations found in children include higher blood pressure (BP), impaired glucose tolerance, a poor lipid profile including higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [4,5,6,7]
The remainder of 186 articles were filtered based on their respective titles, including those relevant to childhood obesity and adult-related cardiovascular risk factors
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases are part of a well-known reason for death among many individuals. They are responsible for over 17.5 million deaths worldwide and account for 31% of the overall death rate. The estimated number of deaths due to heart disease is forecasted to increase to 23.6 million per year by 2030 [1]. Obesity is one of the known conditions likely to increase the risk of cardiovascular death. The extent to which obesity is responsible for cardiovascular disease depends mainly on metabolic cardiovascular risk factors [3]. A population-based study found that between the ages of 5 and 17 years, about 70% of overweight children and adolescents present with at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease [8]
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