Abstract
For smart cities using clean energy, optimal energy management has made the development of electric vehicles more popular. However, the fear of range anxiety—that a vehicle has insufficient range to reach its destination—is slowing down the adoption of EVs. The integration of an auxiliary power unit (APU) can extend the range of a vehicle, making them more attractive to consumers. The increased interest in optimizing electric vehicles is generating research around range extenders. These days, many systems and configurations of extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) have been proposed to recover energy. However, it is necessary to summarize all those efforts made by researchers and industry to find the optimal solution regarding range extenders. This paper analyzes the most relevant technologies that recover energy, the current topologies and configurations of EREVs, and the state-of-the-art in control methods used to manage energy. The analysis presented mainly focuses on finding maximum fuel economy, reducing emissions, minimizing the system’s costs, and providing optimal driving performance. Our summary and evaluation of range extenders for electric vehicles seeks to guide researchers and automakers to generate new topologies and configurations for EVs with optimized range, improved functionality, and low emissions.
Highlights
This paper reviewed the current technologies, control methods, optimization methods, and design methods for extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) vehicles, including the architecture, key components and their interactions with each other, the sizing of components, and methods to find the optimal system-level design
There seem many different configurations, the most commonly used have an electric motor in the central position
The central aspect to consider with the technologies used to recover energy and increase autonomy is the cost of implementing them
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. EREVs have attracted considerable attention because of the necessity to improve autonomy using new and different technologies to generate extra energy for EVs. Today, fossil fuels meet the needs of the transportation sector to a significant extent, but bring on various adverse effects, such as air pollution, noise, and global warming. Compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), EREVs reduce emissions and are considered a favorable alternative [1,2]. This paper presents a systematic review on the subject of EREVs. First, an explanation of all the technologies used to extend the ranges of electric vehicles is presented and compared, considering the characteristics of each technology. As a contribution of our own, we propose a method for selecting the components of an EREV and designing its architecture based on the final application and use
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