Abstract
Ventilation systems are the primary way of eliminating airborne pathogenic particles in an operating room (OR). However, such systems can be complex due to factors such as different surgical instruments, diverse room sizes, various staff counts, types of clothing used, different surgical types and duration, medications, and patient conditions. OR ventilation should provide a thermally comfortable environment for the surgical staff team members while preventing the patient from suffering from any extreme hypothermia. Many technical, logistical, and ethical implications need to be considered in the early stage of designing a ventilation system for an OR. Years of research and a significant number of publications have highlighted the controversy and disagreement among infection specialists, design engineers, and ventilation experts in this context. This review article aims to provide a good understanding of OR ventilation systems in the context of air quality and infection control from existing research and provide multidimensional insights for appropriate design and operation of the OR. To this end, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature, covering 253 articles in this context. Systematic review and meta-analyses were used to map the evidence and identify research gaps in the existing clinical, practical, and engineering knowledge. The present study is categorized into six research focuses: ventilation system, thermal comfort, staff work practice and obstacles, door operation and passage, air cleaning technology, emission rate, and clothing systems. In the conclusion, we summarize the key limitations of the existing studies and insights for future research direction.
Highlights
The history of surgical intervention is as old as the human race, and surgical site infections remain a deadly, costly, prevalent, and contro versial topic, which has been referred to as the 21st-century challenge
The results show that the closed-shape lamp severely obstructs the airflow and results in high bacteria-carrying particles (BCPs) concentration in the laminar airflow, whereas the open-shape lamp has a negligible impact on the particle dispersion
Alsved et al [20] found no significant correlation between the number of door openings and the Colony Forming Unit (CFU) level at the wound area in three operating room (OR) supplied by Laminar Airflow (LAF), mixing, and temperature-controlled airflow (TcAF)
Summary
The history of surgical intervention is as old as the human race, and surgical site infections remain a deadly, costly, prevalent, and contro versial topic, which has been referred to as the 21st-century challenge. Several research studies have linked postoperative complications to the risk of morbidity and mortality, increased length of hospitalization, patient dissatisfaction, a tremendous economic burden on patients and society, and permanent health conditions. The primary source of airborne pathogenic particles in the OR
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