Abstract
Background: Iatrogenic ureteral injury is a rare but serious complication during laparoscopic abdominopelvic surgery. Preoperative ureteral stent placement can facilitate intraoperative identification of the ureters. However, even with ureteral stents, visualization of ureters during laparoscopic abdominopelvic surgery can be challenging due to their retroperitoneal location and, particularly during robot-assisted surgery, the lack of tactile feedback. Recently, the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging showed to be a good non-invasive alternative for intraoperative ureter identification. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current clinically available contrast agents for NIR fluorescence imaging of the ureters during laparoscopic surgery and also focuses on novel experimental dyes.
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