Abstract
The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is one of the most well-known and widely used measures of time perspective. Various short versions were proposed to resolve the psychometric problems of the ZTPI. The present study conducted a systematic review to obtain 25 short versions, calculated the frequency of each item of the ZTPI in short versions, and hypothesized that the more frequent the item is, the more robust it becomes. The hypothesis was tested by assessing the structural validity and internal consistency of short forms with high, medium, and low frequent items in Chinese samples (575 children, 407 undergraduates, and 411 older adults). Structural validity and internal consistency analyses showed that the form with more frequent items had better psychometric properties; item frequencies were positively correlated with factor loadings. The results suggest that the systematic review is an effective approach to identify the robust items of the ZTPI. This approach is general and can be the basis to improve the psychometric properties of scales in social science.
Highlights
Time perspective is considered one of the most powerful influences on human behavior (Carstensen, 2006; Zimbardo et al, 2012)
To obtain three short forms with high, medium, and low frequent items, we summarized the short versions of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) using a systematic review and calculated the frequency of items in the short versions
We found that the high frequent form had the best structural validity, followed by the medium frequent form, the low frequent form, and the ZTPI contains 56 items (ZTPI-56); the item frequencies were positively correlated with the factor loadings; the ZTPI-56 had the best internal consistency, followed by the high frequent form, the medium frequent form, and the low frequent form
Summary
Time perspective is considered one of the most powerful influences on human behavior (Carstensen, 2006; Zimbardo et al, 2012). Time perspective originated from Lewin’s life space model, which included the influence of both the past and the future on current behavior. Time perspective can be defined as the manner in which individuals partition the flow of their personal and social experiences into distinct temporal categories, which affects decision-making by locating the primary set of psychological influences within the temporal frames of either the present, past, or future (Zimbardo et al, 1997; Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was developed to assess individual differences in time perspective (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). The ZTPI measures time perspective in five factors: past negative (PN), past positive (PP), present fatalistic (PF), present hedonistic (PH), and future (F).
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