Abstract
Background: General population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students in Spain are at risk of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis. A meta-analysis of the individual studies on these symptoms would provide systematic evidence to aid policymakers and researchers in focusing on prevalence, risk, and best interventions. Objective: This paper aims to be the first meta-analysis and systematic review to calculate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in Spain’s adult population (general population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students) during the Covid-19 epidemic. Method: Random-effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Results: The meta-analysis includes 28 studies with 38 individual samples in Spain. The pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms in 22 studies comprising a sample population of 82,024 was 20% (95% CI: 15–25%), that of depression symptoms in 22 articles with a total sample comprising 82,890 individuals was 22% (95% CI: 18–28%), and that of insomnia symptoms in three articles with a sample population of 745 was 57% (95% CI: 48–66%. Conclusions: The accumulative evidence reveals that adults in Spain suffered higher prevalence rates of mental symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis, with a significantly higher rate relative to other countries such as China. Our synthesis also reveals a relative lack of studies on frontline and general HCWs in Spain.
Highlights
IntroductionSince COVID-19 was first reported on 17 November 2019, Spain, with its first case on 31 January 2020, is one of the countries in Europe most affected by infections, complications, and deaths
Using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)18, we found that seven studies
This meta-analysis is the first to report the pooled prevalence of mental health symptoms in key populations in Spain during the COVID-19 crisis
Summary
Since COVID-19 was first reported on 17 November 2019, Spain, with its first case on 31 January 2020, is one of the countries in Europe most affected by infections, complications, and deaths. The COVID-19 crisis in Spain is severe as a quarter of the population have been unable to isolate themselves according to public health recommendations [1]. Like most parts of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the Spanish population and has significantly altered the workplace and day-to-day activities. Disruptions such as social distancing laws, mandatory lockdowns, and a high
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