Abstract
Application of manure has been recommended as an effective strategy to to mitigate climate change. However, the magnitude of greenhouse gases emission derived by application of manure to agricultural soils across environmental conditions still remains unclear. Here, we synthesized data from 379 observations in China and quantified the responses of soil nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions to manure (Org-M) in comparison to chemical fertilizers (Min-F) or non-fertilizers (Non-F). The results showed that N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions were significantly affected by Org-M compared to Min-F (percentage change: −3, +15 and +60%, P < 0.05) and Non-F (percentage change: +289, +84 and +83%, P < 0.05), respectively. However, at the same amount of total N input, Org-M decreased soil N2O emission by 13% and CH4 emission by 12%, and increased soil CO2 emission by 26% relative to Min-F in upland soils. For paddy soils, N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions differed by −3%, −36% and +84% between Org-M and Min-F (i.e., Org-M minus Min-F). Thus, practices such as application of manure instead of chemical fertilizer and decreasing nitrogen input rate need to be highly considered and optimized under different soils and climate conditions to mitigate GHGs emission in China.
Highlights
Greenhouse gases (N2O, CO2 and CH4) emitted from agricultural soils have been recognized as a major contributor to global warming
The group analysis showed that manure application consistently increased soil N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions compared to Non-F, while the effect of Org-M in comparison to Min-F was greatly affected by land uses, i.e., upland soils and paddy soils (Fig. 2)
For different land uses, both OM and OM + CF decreased N2O emission in paddy soils compared with Min-F, while in upland soils OM decreased but OM + CF increased soil N2O emission
Summary
Greenhouse gases (N2O, CO2 and CH4) emitted from agricultural soils have been recognized as a major contributor to global warming. Agricultural soils may become a net source or sink of GHGs depending on different management strategies such as application of chemical fertilizers (Min-F) or manure (Org-M)[6]. The inconsistent results indicated that the response of soil CO2 emission to manure application was dependent on environmental factors such as climate and soil properties and management factors such as land use and fertilization[25, 26]. Well-aerated agricultural soils can shift to CH4 sources for a certain period of time when excessive amount of manure with high organic matter content is applied to the soil[31]. The effect of application of manure on reducing CH4 emission and improving carbon sequestration need to be further clarified under waterlogged rice paddies or well-aerated or drained upland soils
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