Abstract
Highlights - We rated novel methods regarding their ability to improve the Baltic Sea monitoring. - Methods were assessed with respect to their costs and applicability. - All methods can potentially increase data resolution or monitor novel ecosystem elements. - We recommend several novel methods for the Baltic status assessment.
Highlights
The unique Baltic Sea ecosystem is in critical condition due to strong anthropogenic pressures, it urgently requires protection and restoration (Andersen et al, 2015; HELCOM, 2017)
We described these methods in a comparable way and evaluated them based on their costs and applicability potential
We identified methods suited to fill the monitoring gaps (i)– (iii) listed above and rated their costs and applicability potential for the Baltic Sea monitoring
Summary
The unique Baltic Sea ecosystem is in critical condition due to strong anthropogenic pressures, it urgently requires protection and restoration (Andersen et al, 2015; HELCOM, 2017). (v) The lack in coordination of the monitoring between countries, which especially applies for the descriptors mentioned in the previous gap These gaps arise from various circumstances: Traditional methods require relatively high efforts regarding costs and time, and cannot be conducted as often as necessary to meet the data requirements regarding spatio-temporal resolution and coverage. A lack of coordination results from differing national and international legislation (Birk et al, 2012) To fill these gaps, novel monitoring methods can be implemented. The indicator combines data from traditional research vessel-based sampling with Earth Observation and FerryBox systems It was used in the latest status report to assess the eutrophication effects in the off-shore areas of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM, 2018c). The results from this research can be applied to other regional seas worldwide
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